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From page 340... ... , 252 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) , 182 Advection, 140 Aerial photography, 253 Africa, 72 Agency for International Development, 260, 263 Agriculture, 146-148, 219-220 Air pollution, 222, 225 coal combustion, 173-175 Alaska, 163, 208, 209 Alaska earthquake of 1964, 59, 195, 208, 209, 210 Alberta Basin, 167 Aleutian Islands, 211 Aleutian Trench, 101 Alkenones, 111 Alps, 79 Amazon Basin, 121 Amosite, 218 Amphibole, 71 Andes, 102, 211 Andesite, 70 Anoxic conditions, 163, 165 Anticlines, 167-168 Aquifers, 146-149 Archaeopteryx, 126 ARISTOTELES, 182 Asbestos, 217-218, 300 Asteroids, 52 - 53 Asthenosphere, 54 Aswan Dam, 148 Atlantic Ocean, 75, 98, 100 Atmosphere, early development, 117 Atmospheric processes carbon cycle origin, 108-109 models, 129 research needs, 130 Bacteria, 290 Bahamas, 101 Basalt, 49, 56, 63, 75 Basin and Range province, 74-75, 119 Bengal fan, 79 Beryllium, 82 Biological evolution, 25-26, 115, 120-127 adaptive breakthroughs, 131 research needs, 134, 284, 312 see also Adaptive radiation; Speciation Biometallurgists, 156 Biosphere, 187 Biotic interactions, 124 Black smokers, 66, 67, 141, 158 Borah Peak, Idaho, 204 Bureau of Mines, 259, 310 Calcareous nannoplankton, 109 California, 148, 205, 209, 210 Cape Hatteras, 100, 197 Carbon and carbon cycle, 108-109, 112113, 117 research needs, 132-133 Carbon dioxide, 108-109 Carbon-14, 95 Carcinogens, 217-218 Caribbean land bridge, 121 Carrying capacity, 139, 229 Cascade Range, 120, 211, 212 Catastrophes, 127-128 research needs, 231 340 CD-ROM, 265 Chelation, 144 Chemical geodynamics, 88 Chesapeake Bay, 94, 197 Chicxulub crater, 52, 128, 213 Chile, 208 Chlorite, 71 Chromium, 150 Chrysotile, 217-218 Cigar Lake, Saskatchewan, 157 Circum-Atlantic Project, 260 Circum-Pacific Map Project, 260 Circumantarctic Current, 111 Cladistic analysis, 127 Clean Air Act, 223 Climate: Long-Range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction (CLIMAP) Read the entire page →
From page 341... ... , 114 research needs, 133 Copper, 157 Core-mantle dynamics, 32, 34 boundary processes, 58, 88 research needs, 286-288, 296 water in mantle and core, 82-83 Craters, 52-53 Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, 51-53 Crocidolite, 218 Crustal dynamics, 29-32, 48 341 active crustal deformation, research needs, 290-293 continental evolution, 71-84 crustal fluids, research needs, 180, 286288 extensional deformation, 74-75 mountain building, 73-74 petroleum sedimentary basins formation, 165 recycling of crust, 81-83 research needs, 135, 313 Data bases, see Data collection and management Data catalogs, 255 Data collection and rr~anagement, 5, 8, 42-43 accessibility of industry and DOD data, 254-255 <;~.>mmon data exchange format, 265 data base access and standards, 135, 253-255 data base development and access, 307 309 digital data, 253-255 geological map data base, 183 geochemical/geophysical data base, 231 geophysical data bases, 183 global seismic networks, 249, 259 international cooperative earth science programs, 266-267 national interactive earth science data system, 264, 315 on-line national data directory, 265 paleoenvironmental data bases, development, 285-286 paleontological data base, 308-309 petroleum industry data availability, 253 space-based data, 253 topographic data base, 183 tsunamis field data, 209 water quality data, collection problems, 145 Data format standards, 253-255 Data preservation, 254, 255 Dating techniques, 87, 92-93, 95, 106, 119 isotopic dating, research needs, 179 laser probe, 73-74 new techniques, 136 tectonic processes, research needs, 228, 292 Deccan Traps, India, 63, 127 Decompression melting, 66-67 Dedicated drilling, 293 Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) , 258, 288 Deforestation, 195, 219-220 Deltas, 78, 100 Department of Defense (DOD) Read the entire page →
From page 342... ... , 238 Geodetic studies, 292 Geographic information systems (GIS) , 19-20, 195 development needs, 229, 290, 307-309 Geological archives, 308 Geological hazards, 36-37, 187-213 hazard assessment and prediction, research needs, 226-230, 299-300 interactive natural hazards, research needs, 229 Geological site analyses, 215-216 Geological Society of America, 245, 252, 260, 309 Geological Survey of Canada, 257 Geomagnetism, 18, 57-58, 119, 262 ocean Door magnetism mapping, 237238 research needs, 296 Geomorphology, 94-95 Geophysics, 203 crustal deformation research techniques research needs, 292-293 engineering geophysics, 217 mineral detection techniques, 160-161 subsurface exploration, research needs, 229 GEOSCOPE project, 259 Geothermal energy, 176-177 concealed fields location, research needs, 182 Geothermometry, 73 Geysers, 159 Giant clams, 67, 156 Glaciation, 98, 103, 113, 196 and orbital cycles, 105 research needs, 133, 284 Sahara region, 111 sea level, effects on, 94 uplifts as cause of, 120 Global Change Research Program, 262, 271, 276 Global environmental change, 25-26, 223 research needs, 227, 230-231, 283-286, 312 Global geological cycles, 26-28, 103-115, 312 research needs, 133, 283-286 Global Geoscience Transects (GOT) Read the entire page →
From page 343... ... , 256, 262 International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) , 256, 260 Interplanetary probes, 19 Ion microprobes, 89, 251 Iridium, 52, 93, 125, 127-128 Iron, 52, 117, 153-154 Irrigation, 146-148 Isotopic analysis, 28, 95, 107-109, 111, 117, 118, 155-156, 250-251, 296, 307 Japan, 159, 208 Joint ventures, see International cooperation Kerogens, 165 Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, 64, 211-212 Kimberlite, 62 Kodiak Island, Alaska, 210 Komatites, 153 Krakatoa, 63 Lahars, 212 Lake Baikal, 98 Lakes, 98-99 Land use, 214 Landfills, 230 Landforms, 94-95 research needs, 135, 293 Landsat, 79, 99 research needs, 182, 231 Landslides, 191-195 prediction and prevention, research needs, 228, 300 Lascar volcano, 65 Laterites, 25, 113 Laurasia, 79-80 Laurentia, 154 Leachates, 221 Lead, 150-152 Lesser Antilles Trench, 101 Life, origin, 116 Limestone, 101, 119 Liquefaction, 202, 206, 207 Lithosphere, see Continental evolution and structure; Crustal dynamics; Earth crust Lunar rocks, 308 Magellan probe, 52 Magma, 61-66, 86 arc magmas, 70-71 fluid dynamics, research needs, 288-290 groundwater-magma interaction, 140141 ocean, 51 Magnetic field, 52, 57-58, 88 research needs, 301 Magnetic surveys, 160-161 Mammals species impoverishment, 120-121 Manganese, 154 Mantle dynamics, 32, 34, 53-71, 81-83, 84-85, 87, 251-252, 262 convection, research needs, 313 discontinuities, 54 mantle mixing, 81-83 mantle melting, 68, 69, 72-73 material transport by convection, 53 57, 88 research neecls, 293-296 see also Core-mantle dynamics; Mantle plumes Mantle plumes, 18, 48-49, 53, 55, 56, 62, 67-69 Maps and mapping, 19, 69, 88, 92, 237 238 geological maps, development and availability needs, 307-308 digital topographic data sets, need, 308 volcanoes, 213 climatic map of world 18,000 years ago, 110 geological site analyses, map needs, 215 mineral deposit formation, research needs, 180 volcano mapping, research needs, 228 Marianas Trench, 101 Marine reefs, 113 Mars, 98 Mathematics, inversion techniques, 203, 205 Mercury, 150 Mercury poisoning, 144-145 Metals, 158 in situ mining, research needs, 180 Metamorphic petrology, 73 Metamorphism, 73-74, 87 Meteorites, 116, 128, 213, 308 Microorganisms genetically-engineered microbes for waste treatment, 180 Microtectites, 127-128 Middle East, 79, 163-166 Mineral dusts, 218 Mineral resources, 34-36, 149-178 distribution and concentrations, 149 152 epigenetic and syngenetic ore deposits, 152-153 exploration, 150-152, 158-162 research needs, 297 see also Energy resources; Metals; Mining and mining industry; Sand and gravel; Quarried rock Read the entire page →
From page 344... ... , 209, 238, 258-259, 271, 300 National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) , 244 National Synchotron Light Source, 252 Natural gas, 79, 163, 224-225 Natural selection, 122-123 Networks development and availability, 309 earthquake and volcanic eruption warning systems, 37, 208 earthquake parameters assessment networks, 208 global seismic networks, 249, 259 INTERNET, 249 national earth science data system, 264 Neutron activation analysis, 250 Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia, 192, 213 New Madrid, Missouri, 200 New Zealand, 159 Nicaragua, 208 Niger delta, 100 Nimbus 7 spacecraft, 65 North America, 80, 122, 196 North American Continent-Ocean Transects Program, 257 Northern Hemisphere, 149 glaciation effects, 94 Nuclear power, 175-176, 225 waste disposal, research needs, 230 Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 293 Nuclear Waste Policy Act, 222 an Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 218 Ocean basin processes, 29-30, 66-71, 7476, 81 cycles of opening and closing, 107 sediment deposition, 100-103 research needs, 284-285, 290-293 Ocean crust formation, 69 recycling through mantle, 56 Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Read the entire page →
From page 345... ... , 238 Sea-level fluctuations, 9~95, 106-107, 129, 170, 197 Seawater, 109-113 Sediment ocean deposition, 100-103 oldest, 116 transport and deposition, 33, 87, 96103, 191 Sedimentary basins fluid flow models, 168, 290 oil and gas traps, 168-169 petroleum migration, 166-168 petroleum origin, 164-166 research needs, 135, 178-179, 290, 297 Sedimentology, 118-119 Seiches, 209 Seismic data and imaging, 19, 31, 53-58, 60, 106-107, 169, 197-208, 294 cross-well seismology, 172 development of seismological equipment, 256 earthquake detection, 203, 209-210 global seismic networks, 70, 249, 292, 296, 300, 305-306 national and regional seismic networks, need, 300 neotectonic features identification, research needs, 229 petroleum exploration techniques, 170172 sedimentary basins, 78 seismic reflection profiling, 71, 166, 171, 292 strong ground-motion seismology, 60, 206 teleseismic data, 206 three-dimensional seismology, 170-172 tsunami-detection, 209-210 Seismology, see Seismic data and imaging Seismometers, see Seismic data and . Read the entire page →
From page 346... ... , 257 University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System, 182 Uplift, 196-197 see also Crustal fluid dynamics; Mountain building Upper Mantle Project (UMP) , 256 Uranium, 153, 157, 162, 175-176 Urban geology, 214 Urbanization problems, see Population concentration problems Volatiles, 63 Volcano Observatory, USGS, 63 Volcanoes, 48, 59, 61-66, 155, 210-213 aborted eruptions, 211 climatic effects, research needs, 231 eruption causes and prediction, research needs, 228, 299-300 intraplate volcanism, 62, 67-69 island arc volcanism, 62, 69-71, 82 Warning systems, 37, 208, 210 Wasatch Fault, 199, 201 Waste management, 220, 310 geological assessment needs, 214 research needs, 301 Water quality and pollution, 143-145, 222 estuaries, 197 water quality national network, 297298, 313 water quality, research needs, 180 see also Groundwater contamination Water supply and use, 34, 141-149 depletion in western U.S., 147-148 distribution of surface water, 143 drainage basin analysis, research needs, 178-179 water quality national network, 297298, 313 Water-rock interaction, 178 research needs, 299 Weathering, 48, 95-100 Well logging, 171 Western States, 98, 178-179 water supply problems, 146-148 earthquake hazard research needs, 299 Wind, 98 World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) Read the entire page →

From page 340...

... , 252 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) , 182 Advection, 140 Aerial photography, 253 Africa, 72 Agency for International Development, 260, 263 Agriculture, 146-148, 219-220 Air pollution, 222, 225 coal combustion, 173-175 Alaska, 163, 208, 209 Alaska earthquake of 1964, 59, 195, 208, 209, 210 Alberta Basin, 167 Aleutian Islands, 211 Aleutian Trench, 101 Alkenones, 111 Alps, 79 Amazon Basin, 121 Amosite, 218 Amphibole, 71 Andes, 102, 211 Andesite, 70 Anoxic conditions, 163, 165 Anticlines, 167-168 Aquifers, 146-149 Archaeopteryx, 126 ARISTOTELES, 182 Asbestos, 217-218, 300 Asteroids, 52 - 53 Asthenosphere, 54 Aswan Dam, 148 Atlantic Ocean, 75, 98, 100 Atmosphere, early development, 117 Atmospheric processes carbon cycle origin, 108-109 models, 129 research needs, 130 Bacteria, 290 Bahamas, 101 Basalt, 49, 56, 63, 75 Basin and Range province, 74-75, 119 Bengal fan, 79 Beryllium, 82 Biological evolution, 25-26, 115, 120-127 adaptive breakthroughs, 131 research needs, 134, 284, 312 see also Adaptive radiation; Speciation Biometallurgists, 156 Biosphere, 187 Biotic interactions, 124 Black smokers, 66, 67, 141, 158 Borah Peak, Idaho, 204 Bureau of Mines, 259, 310 Calcareous nannoplankton, 109 California, 148, 205, 209, 210 Cape Hatteras, 100, 197 Carbon and carbon cycle, 108-109, 112113, 117 research needs, 132-133 Carbon dioxide, 108-109 Carbon-14, 95 Carcinogens, 217-218 Caribbean land bridge, 121 Carrying capacity, 139, 229 Cascade Range, 120, 211, 212 Catastrophes, 127-128 research needs, 231 340 CD-ROM, 265 Chelation, 144 Chemical geodynamics, 88 Chesapeake Bay, 94, 197 Chicxulub crater, 52, 128, 213 Chile, 208 Chlorite, 71 Chromium, 150 Chrysotile, 217-218 Cigar Lake, Saskatchewan, 157 Circum-Atlantic Project, 260 Circum-Pacific Map Project, 260 Circumantarctic Current, 111 Cladistic analysis, 127 Clean Air Act, 223 Climate: Long-Range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction (CLIMAP)

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From page 341...

... , 114 research needs, 133 Copper, 157 Core-mantle dynamics, 32, 34 boundary processes, 58, 88 research needs, 286-288, 296 water in mantle and core, 82-83 Craters, 52-53 Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, 51-53 Crocidolite, 218 Crustal dynamics, 29-32, 48 341 active crustal deformation, research needs, 290-293 continental evolution, 71-84 crustal fluids, research needs, 180, 286288 extensional deformation, 74-75 mountain building, 73-74 petroleum sedimentary basins formation, 165 recycling of crust, 81-83 research needs, 135, 313 Data bases, see Data collection and management Data catalogs, 255 Data collection and rr~anagement, 5, 8, 42-43 accessibility of industry and DOD data, 254-255 <;~.>mmon data exchange format, 265 data base access and standards, 135, 253-255 data base development and access, 307 309 digital data, 253-255 geological map data base, 183 geochemical/geophysical data base, 231 geophysical data bases, 183 global seismic networks, 249, 259 international cooperative earth science programs, 266-267 national interactive earth science data system, 264, 315 on-line national data directory, 265 paleoenvironmental data bases, development, 285-286 paleontological data base, 308-309 petroleum industry data availability, 253 space-based data, 253 topographic data base, 183 tsunamis field data, 209 water quality data, collection problems, 145 Data format standards, 253-255 Data preservation, 254, 255 Dating techniques, 87, 92-93, 95, 106, 119 isotopic dating, research needs, 179 laser probe, 73-74 new techniques, 136 tectonic processes, research needs, 228, 292 Deccan Traps, India, 63, 127 Decompression melting, 66-67 Dedicated drilling, 293 Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) , 258, 288 Deforestation, 195, 219-220 Deltas, 78, 100 Department of Defense (DOD)

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From page 342...

... , 238 Geodetic studies, 292 Geographic information systems (GIS) , 19-20, 195 development needs, 229, 290, 307-309 Geological archives, 308 Geological hazards, 36-37, 187-213 hazard assessment and prediction, research needs, 226-230, 299-300 interactive natural hazards, research needs, 229 Geological site analyses, 215-216 Geological Society of America, 245, 252, 260, 309 Geological Survey of Canada, 257 Geomagnetism, 18, 57-58, 119, 262 ocean Door magnetism mapping, 237238 research needs, 296 Geomorphology, 94-95 Geophysics, 203 crustal deformation research techniques research needs, 292-293 engineering geophysics, 217 mineral detection techniques, 160-161 subsurface exploration, research needs, 229 GEOSCOPE project, 259 Geothermal energy, 176-177 concealed fields location, research needs, 182 Geothermometry, 73 Geysers, 159 Giant clams, 67, 156 Glaciation, 98, 103, 113, 196 and orbital cycles, 105 research needs, 133, 284 Sahara region, 111 sea level, effects on, 94 uplifts as cause of, 120 Global Change Research Program, 262, 271, 276 Global environmental change, 25-26, 223 research needs, 227, 230-231, 283-286, 312 Global geological cycles, 26-28, 103-115, 312 research needs, 133, 283-286 Global Geoscience Transects (GOT)

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From page 343...

... , 256, 262 International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) , 256, 260 Interplanetary probes, 19 Ion microprobes, 89, 251 Iridium, 52, 93, 125, 127-128 Iron, 52, 117, 153-154 Irrigation, 146-148 Isotopic analysis, 28, 95, 107-109, 111, 117, 118, 155-156, 250-251, 296, 307 Japan, 159, 208 Joint ventures, see International cooperation Kerogens, 165 Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, 64, 211-212 Kimberlite, 62 Kodiak Island, Alaska, 210 Komatites, 153 Krakatoa, 63 Lahars, 212 Lake Baikal, 98 Lakes, 98-99 Land use, 214 Landfills, 230 Landforms, 94-95 research needs, 135, 293 Landsat, 79, 99 research needs, 182, 231 Landslides, 191-195 prediction and prevention, research needs, 228, 300 Lascar volcano, 65 Laterites, 25, 113 Laurasia, 79-80 Laurentia, 154 Leachates, 221 Lead, 150-152 Lesser Antilles Trench, 101 Life, origin, 116 Limestone, 101, 119 Liquefaction, 202, 206, 207 Lithosphere, see Continental evolution and structure; Crustal dynamics; Earth crust Lunar rocks, 308 Magellan probe, 52 Magma, 61-66, 86 arc magmas, 70-71 fluid dynamics, research needs, 288-290 groundwater-magma interaction, 140141 ocean, 51 Magnetic field, 52, 57-58, 88 research needs, 301 Magnetic surveys, 160-161 Mammals species impoverishment, 120-121 Manganese, 154 Mantle dynamics, 32, 34, 53-71, 81-83, 84-85, 87, 251-252, 262 convection, research needs, 313 discontinuities, 54 mantle mixing, 81-83 mantle melting, 68, 69, 72-73 material transport by convection, 53 57, 88 research neecls, 293-296 see also Core-mantle dynamics; Mantle plumes Mantle plumes, 18, 48-49, 53, 55, 56, 62, 67-69 Maps and mapping, 19, 69, 88, 92, 237 238 geological maps, development and availability needs, 307-308 digital topographic data sets, need, 308 volcanoes, 213 climatic map of world 18,000 years ago, 110 geological site analyses, map needs, 215 mineral deposit formation, research needs, 180 volcano mapping, research needs, 228 Marianas Trench, 101 Marine reefs, 113 Mars, 98 Mathematics, inversion techniques, 203, 205 Mercury, 150 Mercury poisoning, 144-145 Metals, 158 in situ mining, research needs, 180 Metamorphic petrology, 73 Metamorphism, 73-74, 87 Meteorites, 116, 128, 213, 308 Microorganisms genetically-engineered microbes for waste treatment, 180 Microtectites, 127-128 Middle East, 79, 163-166 Mineral dusts, 218 Mineral resources, 34-36, 149-178 distribution and concentrations, 149 152 epigenetic and syngenetic ore deposits, 152-153 exploration, 150-152, 158-162 research needs, 297 see also Energy resources; Metals; Mining and mining industry; Sand and gravel; Quarried rock

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From page 344...

... , 209, 238, 258-259, 271, 300 National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) , 244 National Synchotron Light Source, 252 Natural gas, 79, 163, 224-225 Natural selection, 122-123 Networks development and availability, 309 earthquake and volcanic eruption warning systems, 37, 208 earthquake parameters assessment networks, 208 global seismic networks, 249, 259 INTERNET, 249 national earth science data system, 264 Neutron activation analysis, 250 Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia, 192, 213 New Madrid, Missouri, 200 New Zealand, 159 Nicaragua, 208 Niger delta, 100 Nimbus 7 spacecraft, 65 North America, 80, 122, 196 North American Continent-Ocean Transects Program, 257 Northern Hemisphere, 149 glaciation effects, 94 Nuclear power, 175-176, 225 waste disposal, research needs, 230 Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 293 Nuclear Waste Policy Act, 222 an Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 218 Ocean basin processes, 29-30, 66-71, 7476, 81 cycles of opening and closing, 107 sediment deposition, 100-103 research needs, 284-285, 290-293 Ocean crust formation, 69 recycling through mantle, 56 Ocean Drilling Program (ODP)

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From page 345...

... , 238 Sea-level fluctuations, 9~95, 106-107, 129, 170, 197 Seawater, 109-113 Sediment ocean deposition, 100-103 oldest, 116 transport and deposition, 33, 87, 96103, 191 Sedimentary basins fluid flow models, 168, 290 oil and gas traps, 168-169 petroleum migration, 166-168 petroleum origin, 164-166 research needs, 135, 178-179, 290, 297 Sedimentology, 118-119 Seiches, 209 Seismic data and imaging, 19, 31, 53-58, 60, 106-107, 169, 197-208, 294 cross-well seismology, 172 development of seismological equipment, 256 earthquake detection, 203, 209-210 global seismic networks, 70, 249, 292, 296, 300, 305-306 national and regional seismic networks, need, 300 neotectonic features identification, research needs, 229 petroleum exploration techniques, 170172 sedimentary basins, 78 seismic reflection profiling, 71, 166, 171, 292 strong ground-motion seismology, 60, 206 teleseismic data, 206 three-dimensional seismology, 170-172 tsunami-detection, 209-210 Seismology, see Seismic data and imaging Seismometers, see Seismic data and .

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From page 346...

... , 257 University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System, 182 Uplift, 196-197 see also Crustal fluid dynamics; Mountain building Upper Mantle Project (UMP) , 256 Uranium, 153, 157, 162, 175-176 Urban geology, 214 Urbanization problems, see Population concentration problems Volatiles, 63 Volcano Observatory, USGS, 63 Volcanoes, 48, 59, 61-66, 155, 210-213 aborted eruptions, 211 climatic effects, research needs, 231 eruption causes and prediction, research needs, 228, 299-300 intraplate volcanism, 62, 67-69 island arc volcanism, 62, 69-71, 82 Warning systems, 37, 208, 210 Wasatch Fault, 199, 201 Waste management, 220, 310 geological assessment needs, 214 research needs, 301 Water quality and pollution, 143-145, 222 estuaries, 197 water quality national network, 297298, 313 water quality, research needs, 180 see also Groundwater contamination Water supply and use, 34, 141-149 depletion in western U.S., 147-148 distribution of surface water, 143 drainage basin analysis, research needs, 178-179 water quality national network, 297298, 313 Water-rock interaction, 178 research needs, 299 Weathering, 48, 95-100 Well logging, 171 Western States, 98, 178-179 water supply problems, 146-148 earthquake hazard research needs, 299 Wind, 98 World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)

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Index Pages 340-346

Index
Pages 340-346