Shiphandling Simulation Application to Waterway Design (1992) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix C: Practical Application of Shiphandling Simulators to Waterway Design
Appendix C: Practical Application of Shiphandling Simulators to Waterway Design
Pages 97-115
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From page 97... ...
Merchant Marine Academy, Kings Point, New York, was selected to conduct the simulation study. Real-time simulations were conducted using local pilots.
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From page 98... ...
Generalized mathematical models were used in the simulations based on material available for similar ships. Field visits were made to develop visual effects for the simulation, to observe the performance of ships using the port, and to measure environmental effects (river currents)
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Data Validation Assessments of environmental data that are not supported by accurate field measurements should be carefully weighed before they are accepted. CASE STUDY NORFOLKtHAMPI ON ROADS, VIRGINIA COMPUTER AIDED OPERATIONS RESEARCH FACILITY, 1980-1986 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The State of Virginia sponsored a simulation study to improve existing channel designs so as to permit deep-draft coal colliers of 225,000 DWT and 55-foot draft.
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From page 100... ...
Fast-time simulation was used to evaluate ship maneuverability in Thimble Shoal Channel and the Atlantic Ocean Channel. The Chesapeake Bay physical model as well as numerical models developed by He US ACE Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi, were used to evaluate the environmental conditions in these channels (USAGE, 1986a)
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BALDWIN, PHASE 2 (RICHMOND LONG WHARF) WATERWAY EXPERIMENT STATION, 1983-1984 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The simulation study was designed to verify the validity of the final design for a major ship channel improvement project in Richmond, California, in the Upper San Francisco Bay 0:igure C-3.
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From page 102... ...
A value engineering analysis, performed later alsing additional simulation testing, produced an additional $2.2 million in dredging savings. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION Southampton Shoal Channel and the Maneuvering Area were dredged in 1986 in accordance with the US ACE design as revised by the simulation results and the value engineering analysis.
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APPENDIX C <;! ~$ to ~ Rict~mond-San Rafael Bndge 1' 1 West ~ I Richmond I I Channel I I 1 I '3 103 \~\~\\\\~ |
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Additional simulations with experienced pilots might have indicated ways to narrow Be design width of the connecting channel (for example, by flaring the upper end, which is critical for setting up the turn)
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SIMULATION DESCRIPTION The simulation, conducted by the Computer Aided Operations Research Facility (CADRE) , was the longest waterway design simulation effort undertaken.
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A multidimensional performance measure, referred to as the steering quality profile, was developed for quantifying the degree of safety achieved during passing evolutions. Meetings and passings of the largest ships currently allowed to meet and pass was selected as the baseline for evaluating comparat~ve performance of Panamax ships, the largest allowed to meet and pass in the widened cut.
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From page 107... ...
Progressively wider configurations were used to establish minimum widths needed to permit safe passage under progressively more difficult operating conditions. Following each run, data were examined using regimes built into the computer program to confirm that test parameters for operating conditions were within prescribed tolerances (that is, combined meeting speed within plus or minus 1 knot of designated speed, and meeting location within 1/2 shiplength of the intended location)
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SIMULATION RESULTS Simulation indicated that if the Gaillard Cut was widened to various widths, then longer and wider (in beam) ships could safely pass each other, which would increase canal throughput by many vessels per year.
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CASE STUDY GRAYS HARBOR, WASHINGTON WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION, 1986 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The Port of Grays Harbor, Washington, wished to verify the feasibility of the final design for a major ship channel improvement project. A design was completed for widening and deepening of 24 miles an estuary and bar channel, improvement of a highway bridge rendering system, and replacement of a rail bridge.
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From page 110... ...
This finding resulted in a reduction of 1 million cubic yards of dredging in an environmentally sensitive reach out of a total of 17 million cubic yards. The simulation also indicated that larger vessels than initially anticipated could be safely used in this harbor with only slight modifications in channel design.
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CASE STUDY OAKLAND HARBOR COMPUTER AIDED OPERATIONS RESEARCH FACILITY, 1986-1988 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The Port of Oakland sponsored a simulation study at the Computer Aided Operations Research Facility (CAORF) to develop alternative channel designs for the Inner and Outer Oakland harbors (Figure C-6.
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PROJECT RESULTS The simulation indicated that significant safety benefits could be derived by widening the entrance channel and the westernmost part of the outer harbor channel beyond the widths initially proposed and by tapering the width of the remaining outer channel to its present size, thereby minimizing wake damage to moored vessels. Tapering the outer harbor channel precluded the costly relocations of subway (BART)
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From page 114... ...
It resulted in improved communication and better understanding of project problems, alternatives, and design requirements. Channel design with the aid of simulation provided meaningful data about issues that were previously analyzed subjectively.
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From page 115... ...
APPENDIX C 115 Cost Reductions Through Simulation Simulation can significantly affect the cost-effectiveness and safety of channel designs. This finding was reflected in changes to channel configuration, which reduced overall dredging costs.
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