Biographical Memoirs Volume 61 (1992) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Carl Ferdinand Cori
Carl Ferdinand Cori
Pages 78-109
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 79... ...
a testament to the imagination and ingenuity of all those who participated. Carl and Gerty Cori contributed an essential part and in so doing were among the pioneers who showed that biochemical investigations of isolates!
|
From page 80... ...
EUROPE (1896-1922) Carl Cori never regretted leaving Europe at the age of twenty-five to come to the United States and grew to be thoroughly at ease with the language, institutions, and customs of his chosen country.
|
From page 81... ...
his interest in science and love of the outdoors. In ~ 916, while still medical students, they publishecI their first joint research paper.
|
From page 82... ...
Fortunately, Carl Cori's research on the mechanism of seasonal variation of vagus action in the frog heart (1921) caught the attention of H
|
From page 83... ...
) , Gerty Cori, who had a position in the Institute's pathology department, was allowed to collaborate with Carl, and the majority of those eighty papers are joint publications.
|
From page 84... ...
that insulin increased oxiciation of glucose and conversion to muscle glycogen but clecreasec! conversion to liver glycogen (1926,1, 192S,]
|
From page 85... ...
~: i ~ liver glycogen bloocl glucose muscle glycogen ~ ~ blooc! lactic acid ~ came to be known as the "Cord cycle." This scheme derivecT from research on the circulation of carbohydrate material in the intact animal was a milestone in the eluciciation of carbohydrate metabolism and, along with other insights on blooc!
|
From page 86... ...
In addition to his research, however, Cori was now expected to organize a department, equip a research laboratory, and spend considerable time teaching medical students. Understandably, there was a hiatus in the publication of papers.
|
From page 87... ...
the idea that the allosteric activation of appropriate enzymes regulates metabolic processes. At the 1935 International Physiological Congress in Moscow, the Coris presented their results on the formation of hexose monophosphate from the reaction of glycogen with stoichiometric amounts of phosphate in rat and frog muscle.
|
From page 88... ...
But happily for the Cori experiments, in their method of muscle preparation, much of the Mg2+ was "washecl out." They suggested that, contrary to earlier notions, blood glucose in the liver is regulate<] by the sequential action of three enzymes: glycogen phosphorylase, phosphoglucomutase, and glucose-6-phosphatasea sequence conf~rmect by their later work (1939,1~.
|
From page 89... ...
Describing, with Arcia Green, two forms of muscle phosphorylase, a and b, they found that the b form was active only in the presence of 5P-AMP (1943,1~. The formation of b from a, furthermore, was clemonstratecl to be enzyme-catalyzed.
|
From page 90... ...
Establishing that the a form contained four times as much phosphate as the b form, the Coris postulated, with their usual astuteness, that interconversion plays a significant role in metabolic regulation, since the inactive form is fount! in resting muscle, while the active form is found in contracting muscle (1974,11.
|
From page 91... ...
Gerty Cori was the first American woman to receive the Nobel Prize ant! the third from anywhere in the florid, having been preceded only by Marie Curie and
|
From page 92... ...
Several treated subjects particularly close to the Coris' interest, inclucling Sutherland et al.'s treatment of phosphorylase a and b conversion; Krebs and Fischer's paper on the conversion of phosphorylase h to a; and Ochoa, GrunbergManago, anct Ortiz's paper on a new enzyme, polynucleoticle phosphorylase. In aciclition to the 1947 Nobel Prize, Carl Cori received many other awards and honors.
|
From page 93... ...
they isolated, from yeast, pure hexokinase, the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose and ATE, the first step in glucose utilization (1946,31. In 194S, Gerty Cori, J
|
From page 94... ...
, both trained in Cori's laboratory, proved that the conversion of phosphorylase b to a involved phosphorylation of the enzyme Sutherland working with the liver enzyme and Krebs with the muscle enzyme. Sutherland's studies led to his discovery of cyclic AMP formation, while Krebs's work led to the elucidation of the complex cascade of regulating enzymes involved in the conversion of b to a.
|
From page 95... ...
Although Corks attempt to establish the direct effect of insulin on the enzyme level was unsuccessful, the Coris' studies on phosphorylase, as well as later studies by Sutherland and others, vaTidatecl the idea of explaining hormone action by proceeding experimentally from the whole cell to the pure, isolatect enzyme. it shouicl be noted that, to this day, the mechanism of insulin action is not completely unclerstood.
|
From page 96... ...
After his retirement from the chairmanship of the Biochemistry Department of Washington University in 1966 at the age of 70, the couple moved to Boston. Carl Cori left an indelible mark on Washington University by the example of his high standards and the outstanding productivity of his group.
|
From page 97... ...
Furthermore, the Gluecksohn-Waelsch and Cori group's experiments clemonstratecI by experiments hybridizing mutant mouse liver cells and normal rat hepatoma cells that the regulatory genes for glucose-6-phosphatase and tyrosine . aminotransferase were cleleted from chromosome 7, anct that structural genes are on other chromosomes.
|
From page 98... ...
In acictition to an autobiographical essay, he wrote articles about scientists he tract known, including Francis Schmitt, Earl Sutherland, James Summer, EmbJen, and Gerty Cori. He ended his own memoir with: The frontiers of physics, astronomy and biology, and the instrument of their study, the human mind, fill one with wonder as to the great creations of art and architecture, past and present.
|
From page 99... ...
Ein Beitrag zur Frage des peripheren Antagonismus von Vagus und Sympathikus und zur Beeinflussung der Herznerven durch Schilddrusensubstanzen.
|
From page 100... ...
VI. Sugar oxidation and glycogen formation in normal and insulinized rats during the absorption of fructose.
|
From page 101... ...
VI. Changes in blood sugar, lactic acid, and blood pressure during continuous intravenous injection of epinephrine.
|
From page 102... ...
Lactic acid formation in medullated nerve.
|
From page 103... ...
The role of glucose-l-phosphate in the formation of blood sugar and synthesis of glycogen in the liver.
|
From page 104... ...
Cori. Crystalline muscle phosphorylase.
|
From page 105... ...
Cori. Glucose-6 phosphatase of liver in glycogen storage disease.~.
|
From page 106... ...
Helmreich. The effect of contraction and of epinephrine on the phosphorylase activity of frog sartorius muscle.
|
From page 107... ...
IV. Effects of anaerobiosis, insulin, and electrical stimulation on the penetration and phosphorylation of 2-deoxyglucose in isolated frog sartorius muscle.
|
From page 108... ...
Thorndike. Complementation studies of lethal alleles in the mouse causing deficiencies of glucose-6-phosphatase, tyrosine aminotransferase, and serine dehydratase.
|
From page 109... ...
Protein synthesis with membrane-bound polysomes and albumin messenger RNA from livers of mutant mice.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.