Oceanography in the Next Decade Building New Partnerships (1992) / Chapter Skim
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4 Human, Physical, and Fiscal Resources
4 Human, Physical, and Fiscal Resources
Pages 121-170
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From page 121... ...
~ Nor can oceanographers be defined as those who perform basic research that is funded by the Division of Ocean Sciences of the National Science Foundation (NSFJ or by the Office of Naval Research f ONR)
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· Has the balance of the field changed in terms of the relative size and importance of the major oceanographic institutions? · How are research oceanographers supported?
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researchers were obtained from four major oceanographic research programs. Results Na tiona]
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50 s Q ~ Ed 40 o ~ a' ° 30 a) 20 O 10 o O CEANO GRAPHY IN THE NEXT DE CADE · Teaching ~ Basic Research ~ Other 1973 1975 1979 1981 Year 1983 1985 1987 1989 FIGURE 4-2 Primary work activity for Ph.D.s employed in oceanography {NSF datal.
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From page 125... ...
Two such indicators are the number of post-doctoral fellowships awarded and the ratio of faculty positions that are in the form of full professorships versus assistant professors. According to NSF data, the number of postdoctoral positions has increased, from an estimated 20 in 1973 to 84 in 1989 (Figure 4-41.
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{C) Nationality of employed oceanographers (NSF data)
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HUMAN, PHYSICAL' AND FISCAL RESOURCES A B C 127 Women 100 .a)
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~ 1 _ _ 1985 1 990 Year FIGURE 4-7 Ph.D.-level federal and academic oceanographers (OSB survey)
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Figures 4-8 and 4-9 show that for universities and government laboratories, respectively, the largest number of oceanographers in any age range falls in the 40- to 50-year-old category. The marked peak in the age distribution of federally employed oceanographers could reflect the establishment and expansion of federal oceanography programs in the 1970s.
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The category that includes biological oceanography and mahne biology continues to dominate numerically reflecting the number of relatively small marine laboratories that focus on biological research. Except for a marked increase in ocean engineering' the relative ratios among the academic subdisciplines have not changed substantially over the past 20 years fable 4-2E For 1^BLE 4~1 Ratio of Pull Professors to Assistant Professors in Oceanography/ 1970-1990 {OSB survey} Dear Ratio 1970 197S 1980 I 985 1 990 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.6
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~ O.K. L 1970 1975 1980 Year 1985 1 990 FIGURE 4-11 Change in number of Ph.~.-level oceanographers over time fOSB survey)
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co o On an · · v cq · He · cO cq · a' · c)
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The percentage of biologists in the federal government is considerably higher than in academia. NSF, ONR, and f OI Institutional Data The TOI members are 10 of the country's largest oceanographic institutions.
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DOE. eJ total 1 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 Year FIGURE 4-13 Percentage of oceanography staff at Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution fOSB survey!
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60 50 40 o 30 a' Q 20 10 o 3° 1 55 1 3~ ~~ ~6 1 5~ ~ 6~ 1 5~ 1 6~ 1 66 1 10 5~ ~6 ~ ~~ ~~ s~ 66 TO 6~ 6 Age Group (years) FIGURE 4-15 Age distribution of Ph.D.-level staff at TOT institutions in 1990.
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From page 136... ...
Nonetheless, it is of interest to estimate the impacts of four major oceanographic initiatives on human resources. The requirements of the programs were estimated by the individual program offices and represent a maximum level under a scenario of full funding and the assumption that the programs retain their original scopes and timetables.
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the federal governments and has it changed over times The OSB survey measured a median age in the 40- to 50-year-old bracket for both academic and federally employed oceanographers. The JOI faculty age distribution shows a median of approximately 44 years.
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l student population The percentage of oceanographers working in the United States who are foreign nationals did not change dramatically from 1973 to 1989. Has the field changed in terms of emphasis among the differing ma for subdiscip~ines (physical oceanography, chemical oceanography, marine geology and geophysics, biological oceanography and marine biology, and!
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Oceanographic Institutions From its beginning, a mix of government, university, and private laboratories has conducted oceanographic research.
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During this period, Scripps Institution of Oceanography t1903J, Friday Harbor Laboratories of the University of Washington jl904J, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution {1930J, Narragansett Laboratory of the University of Rhode Island t1930J, gingham Oceanographic Foundation of the University of Southern California [1940J, the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (1941J, and the University of Miami Marine Laboratory jl943J were established. Several of these laboratories continued the thrust of activity in coastal marine biology, and many expanded into physical, chemical, and geological oceanography and increasingly carried out research in the open ocean.
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The TOI institutions are Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia University School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami College of Oceanography, Oregon State University Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island College of Geosciences and Maritime Studies, Texas ARM University Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas College of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, University of Wash~ngton Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution With the exception of Woods Hole, which has a joint education program with the Massachusetts Institution of Technology EMITS, each oceanographic program is an integral part of a major univerSity. Another cooperative organization of oceanographic institutions is the University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS)
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From page 142... ...
Several new organizations of ocean science institutions have recently formed, such as the Council on Ocean Affairs (COAJ and the National Association of Marine Laboratories, to promote interiaboratory cooperation. COA is an organization of approximately 50 academic oceanographic institutions that was founded by, and is administratively housed in, Toint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc.
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These tasks require a modern fleet of research vessels, a fleet whose composition and capabilities should be tailored to research objectives. The federal oceanographic fleet is defined as the set of oceanographic vessels whose operations are funded by the federal government.
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N/A FLIP 355 1962 65 DSRV Alvin 1964 241 NOTE: N/A = Not applicable; AGOR = Auxiliary General Oceanographic Research; DSRV = Deep Submergence Research Vehicle contributed 8.6 percent; state municipalities, 10.0 percent; and foreign and private users, 6.9 percent iUNOLS, 1991~. NSF's share of total funding of sea days has increased over time (Figure 4-16~.
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(B) UNOLS ship day funding by agency (ships >150 feet longl.
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In addition to the UNOLS fleet, smaller vessels used primarily for coastal research are funded principally by local sources. Fecleral agencies that either operate or fund oceanographic ships include the U.S.
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FIGURE 4-18 Age of federal oceanographic fleet. and geophysics has the most ship days, followed by physical oceanography.
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Cruise days funded/ by discipline (U N OLS ships >150 feet longE
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WLi(3l operates Alvin as a naAn agreement among the Navy, NOAA, and UNOLS will improve the coordination and use of Navy deep submergence assets for academic research. Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution owns and operates two Johnson Sea Link il,000 meters submersibles, which have been used intensively by academic researchers, government, and industry.
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Because of the long lead time from the concept of a satellite sensor until it is launched, efforts are nee(led now to ensure the development of relevant missions for the early twentyfirst century to avoid gaps in time series of important measure
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Satellite observations contribute to studies of sea surface waves, wind speed and direction, gas fluxes, atmospheric water vapor
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Atmospheric water vapor must be measurer! because it is used in computing ocean surface evaporation and thermal forcing and is needled to correct altimetry data.
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There is a need for continuing research in the development of mathematical techniques to correct satellite data for the effects of clouds, water vapor, and other atmospheric aerosols, to relate satellite measurements to observations at the ocean surface, and to relate the surface signal to processes occurring at depth. If caTibration errors in the satellite data time series can be avoided, it will be possible to create a time series that is Tong enough to investigate Tow-frequency phenomena in the record of upper ocean temperatures and other variables.
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. FISCAL RESOURCES Information on oceanographic research funding in the United States for the 11 fiscal years from 1982 to 1992 is compiled here.
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Figure 4-21 shows the growth of the overall NSF budget and the ocean science component for fiscal years 1982-1992 in both current and constant
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has not increased as rapidly as the overall NSF budget over this same period Figure 4-21J. In constant 1982 dollar terms, the OCE budget grew 2.4 percent annually between fiscal years 1982 and 1992, a constant dollar growth rate about one-third that of the overall NSF budget.
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Further, the percentage growth occurred mostly in OSRS and can be attributed primarily to increased support in physical oceanography and, in fiscal years 1991 and 1992, biological oceanography as well. Other Basic Sciences Overall, NSF support for most fields of basic scientific research grew relatively slowly from fiscal years 1982 to 1992.
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MG and G 1 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Fiscal Year 1 992 FIGURE 4-22 Budget history of the National Science Foundation's ocean science disciplines in current dollars (A) and in constant 1982 dollars {B)
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From page 163... ...
NSF directorates responsible for technology, computing, engineering, and education accounted for most of the percentage growth in the overall NSF budget. Office of Naval Research The Department of the Navy, primarily through the ONR, has been a major supporter of basic oceanographic research in the United States.
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NOAA research is carried out at major federal laboratories, such as the AtIantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories and the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratories, as well as through cooperative agreements with universities and the National Sea Grant College, CTimate and Global Change, and Coastal Ocean programs. Sea Grant, NOAA's major extramural funding program for university-based scientists, provided approximately $25.3 million in fiscal year 1991 for ocean science research (Figure 4-25)
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From page 165... ...
Funding information for these three NOAA programs is inclucled in Tables 4-7 and 4-8. Department of Energy For many years, the Department of Energy has supported a marine research program in areas such as subseabed waste disposal, carbon dioxide-related research, and coastal oceanography Figures 4-26 and 4-27~.
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166 A 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 o B 50 40 U) = 30 o o 20 10 o O CEANO GRAPHY IN THE NEXT DE CADE Coastal Ocean Program ~ Sea Grant Global Change 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Fiscal Year Coastal Ocean Program ~ Sea Grant Global Change 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Fiscal Year FIGURE 4-25 Budget history of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Sea Grant, Coastal Ocean Program, and Global Change ocean science components in current dollars {A)
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cal year 1987, DOE funding for ocean-related research increased 6.6 percent annually in constant 1982 dollar terms, but it is still significantly t63 percent) below the level of fiscal year 1982 support in constant 1982 dollars.
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continuously from fiscal year 1982 to fiscal year 1992, for a 63 percent overall decrease in constant 1982 dollars in these 11 years [Figures 4-26 and 4-271. Environmental Protection Agency EPA has a rapicIly growing marine research program.
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Throughout the period of slow growth in federal spending on the ocean sciences in the 1980s, the number of scientists competing for funds continued to grow. According to the OSB survey {see "Human Resources")
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For example, all major oceanographic research vessels in the 1970s were equipped with wide-beam echo sounders to measure the water depth beneath the ship. These simple systems cost a few thousand dollars to install and were inexpensive to operate.
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