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From page 195... ... Index A Academic research, 1-2,5,141143 employment, 124-126,128-129, 137-139 see also Coordination of research; Funding of research; Laboratories and research centers Acoustic technology, 61-62,6364,105 see also Seismic studies Advisory Committee on Ocean Sciences, NSF, 31-32 Advisory groups, 9-10, 27,31,40, 41 Algae, 72-73 Algorithms, 43,62-63,154 Alkali compounds, 71-72 Alkenones, 72-73 Altimeters, 42,62 Alvin, 149 Anthropogenic changes, 16,43, 96-97,101-102 195 Applied research, 9,15,34,50-51 Atmosphere-ocean interface, 5661,64,116-117 see also Carbon dioxide and carbon cycles; Global climate change Atmospheric Radiation Measurements program, DOE, 43 B Bacteria, 69, 70, 71,97-98,100 Baltic Sea, 101 Basalts, see Magma Basic research, 33,49,50-51,124 funding, 6-7,10-11,24-25,28, 50 Benthic organisms, 99, 102 Biodiversity, 15 Biogeochemical processes, 67-73, 95-100 see also Atmosphere-ocean interface; Carbon dioxide and carbon cycles Read the entire page →
From page 196... ... 196 Biological sciences, 92, 94-106 employment, 130, 133-134 Bio-optics, 105 Bromley, D Allan, 7 Bubbles, 64 Budgets, see Funding of research Bush, Vannevar, 18, 19 Calibration measurements, 61, 6263 California Current ecosystem, 101 Capacity of research, 7, 20, 50 Carbon dioxide and carbon cycles, 42-43, 56, 57-58, 90-91 biogeochemical processes, 66, 95-96, 97-100, 118-119 Carbon Dioxide Program, DOE, 42, 44 Carbonate sediments, 120 Cartography, see Maps and mapping Chemistry, see Biogeochemical processes; Carbon dioxide and carbon cycles; Geochemistry Chemosynthesis, 97, 99-100 Chief of Naval Operations, 33 Circulation processes, 6, 48, 5051, 62, 63 see also Atmosphere-ocean interface; Currents; Fluxes Climate and Global Change Program, NOAA, 35 Climatology, 6, 41-42, 48, 53-54 modeling, 43, 55-56, 89-90 sediment records, 79, 89-91 see also Atmosphere-ocean interface; Global climate change Coastal areas and processes, 15, 16-17, 43, 52, 69, 101, 107120, 147, 149 see also Continental shelf and margins Coastal Ocean Margins Program, DOE, 42, 44 INDEX Coastal Ocean Program, NOAA, 35 Cold War, 19 Committee on Earth and Environmental Sciences, FCCSET, 10, 27 Computer Hardware, Advanced Modeling and Model Physics program, DOE, 43 Computer simulation, 43, 50, 56, 154 Continental shelf and margins, 38-39, 42-43, 78-79, 87-89, 99, 108-109, 110, 111, 114, 117-118 Continuous Plankton Recorder Surveys, 106 Convection, see Mantle convection and composition; Thermohaline circulation Coordination of research, 9-13, 25-31 international, 7-8, 19, 21-22, 25-26, 153 see also specific federal agencies Cosmic rays and dust, 66, 67, 74 Costs and cost factors, 7, 20, 50, 170 Council on Ocean Affairs, 142 Cross-shelf exchange, 107, 117-118 Crustal plates and movement, 5, 47, 68-69, 72, 77-81, 92-93 and continental margins, 78-79, 87-89, 108-109 off-ridge processes, 85-87 ridge processes, 78, 81-84 and sediments, 67, 77-78, 79, 89-92 Currents, 111, 152 boundary, 60, 101, 110 Cyanolaacteria, 97-98 D Data management and exchange, 12, 30, 33, 36-37, 40, 43, 4445 Read the entire page →
From page 197... ... , 45 Exploratory Development program, Navy, 33 Extinction of species, 92 F Facilities, 50, 139 see also Instrumentation; Laboratories and research centers; Ships Faculty, 123-129 passim Fecal pellets, 98 Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology jFCCSET) , 10, 27 Federal government, advisory groups, 9-10, 27, 31, 40, 41 employment, 124-125, 128-129, 133, 136-139 interagency cooperation, 10, 2728 ship use and support, 36, 39, 143-144, 146 see also Coordination of research; Department of Defense; Department of Energy; Environmental Protection Agency; Funding of research; Minerals Management Service; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; National Science Foundation; Navy; Office of Naval Research; U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 198... ... 198 Fish and fisheries, 15,36,96,101, 102,105 Floating instrument platform {FLIPl, 149-150 Flow cytometry, 105 Fluxes, 53,59-61,67-69, 74-75, 93,96,117 Food webs, 96,97-100,102 Forecasting, see Models and modeling Fossil records, 92 Free-falling sensor systems, 61-62 Freshwater flux, 59-61,111 Fronts, 107,117 Funding of research, 2,6-11,18, 24-25,28,29,34,50,154-159, 169-170 basic, 10,24-25,28,50 budget constraints, 33,35,36, 41 see also Individual investigator grants; specific federal agencies G Gases, see Atmosphere-ocean interface; Carbon dioxide and carbon cycles Genetics, 104 Geochemistry, 64-77 see also Biogeochemical processes Geological Survey, see u.s. Geological Survey Geology and geophysics, 44,45, 77-93 Georges Bank, 102 Glacial periods, 59, 90, 92 Global Change Data and Information System, 40 Global Change Research Program, 42 Global climate change, 14-15,16, 50-51,53,54,89-92 biological processes, 95-96,100101 INDEX and carbon dioxide, 42-43,9091 Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics program, 137 Global ocean observing system MOOSE, 25-26,35,52-53,5455,120 Gravity field, 41,153 Greenhouse effect, see Global climate change H Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, 149 Hazards, 16,44 Heat flux, 59-61,68,117 Human-induced changes, see Anthropogenic changes Hurricanes, 16 Hydrocarbon seeps, 15,48,99-100 Hydrophone array, 63 Hydrothermal processes and vents, 67,68-70, 71-72, 75, 79,8184 ecosystems, 5,15,47-48,99-100 I Ice conditions, 36,54,59,62,100101, 111 Ice core records, 90-91 Imaging techniques, 105-106 Indian Ocean, 59 Individual investigator grants, 1011,19,27-28 Infrared measurements, 36,62 Instrumentation, 11, 29,43,61-62, 74,105-106 see also Acoustic technology; Calibration measurements; Computer simulation; Imaging techniques; Infrared measurements; Microwave measurements; Optical instruments; Satellites; Sensor systems Read the entire page →
From page 199... ... (lOI) , 26, 133-135, 137139, 141 Point Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling, 32, 140- 141 L Laboratories and research centers, 139-143 federal, 33, 35, 37-38, 40-41, 43-44, 142 seafloor observatories, 93 Lipids, 72-73 Lithosphere, 77, 79-81, 82-83, 87 M Magma, 79, 83, 85-87 Mantle processes and composition, 78, 79, 80, 82-87 Maps and mapping, 34, 44-45 crustal composition, 78, 81-82, 88 Matching grants, 34 Metabolic processes, 70, 71 Microstructure measurements, 57, research 58 Microwave measurements, 36, 42, 62, 152 Military research, see Defense research Mineral resources, 17, 44, 45 199 Minerals Management Service AMUSE, 38-39 Mixing processes, 56-61, 69-71 Models and modeling, 33, 50, 54, 153-154 climate, 43, 55-56, 89-90 coastal processes, 118-120 crustal dynamics, 78, 88 Molecular biology, 44, 104 Monitoring programs, 28, 34 see also Global ocean observing system Moored instruments, 62, 105, 107108 Multidisciplinary research, 6, 48, 51-52 Multi-Frequency Acoustic Profiling System, 105 N National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Read the entire page →
From page 200... ... . , ,, 8-9, 10, 19, 24, 28, 30, 32, 33, 93, 140, 143, 163 Office of Naval Technology, 33, 34 Office of Research and Development, EPA, 38 ott-r~dge processes, 85-87 Offshore Geologic Framework, USGS, 45 Oil resources, 16, 17, 38-39 Oil spills, 16 Operational measurements, 41-42 Optical instruments, 105 Peer review systems, 19, 31, 32, 38-39, 45 Petroleum, see Oil resources Ph.D.-level scientists, 121-139 Photochemical reactions, 68 Photosynthesis, 57-58, 72, 97, 100 Physical sciences, 33, 52-64 see also Geochemistry Plankton, 58, 62, 69, 70-71, 97-99, Plate tectonics, see Crustal plates and movement Polar regions, 59, 60 Policy issues, 4-9, 17, 38-39 Pollution, 15, 16, 17, 37, 68 Population size and growth, 15, 17, 108 Precipitation, 60, 64, 100-101 Predictions, see Models and modeling Private research, 24, 125, 142 Publication of research, 38-39, 4445 R Radiation, 43, 44, 60, 62 Rainfall, 60, 64 Reducing Risk, 37 Remotely operated vehicles, 149 Remote sensing, see Space-based observation systems Read the entire page →
From page 201... ... INDEX Ridge Inter-Disciplinary Global Experiment {RIDGE) , 78, 93, 100, 137 Ridges, 69, 75, 78, 79, 81-84 Rivers and streams, 66-67, 69, 75, 76, 100-101 Rotators, 31, 32 S Salinity, 54, 60, 71-72 see also Thermohaline circulation Satellites, 5, 40-42, 44, 60, 62-63, 103, 150-153 Science Advisory Board, EPA, 37 Science: The Endless Frontier, 18 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 34, 37, 43, 134, 141, 142 Sea Cliff, 149 Sea level, 81, 91-92, 101 Seafloor, see Crustal plates and movement; Hydrothermal processes and vents; Sediments Seafloor observatories, 93 Seasat, 40 Sea-viewing Wide Field Sensor, 152 Sediments, 71, 72, 111, 114 and crustal processes, 67, 77-78, 79, 89-92 paleoceanic record, 65-67 particle transport, 76-77, 119120 Seismic studies, 45, 78, 81, 83, 93 Sensor systems, 61-62, 63-64, 105, 107-108 Ships, 28, 29, 143-149 federal use and support, 36, 39, 143-144, 146 Navy support, 19-20, 32, 33-34, 140 UNOLS fleet, 26, 39, 45, 143146, 149 201 volunteer observing, 61-62 Short-term scientific officers, see Rotators Simulations, see Computer simulations; Models and modeling Sinless, 71-72 Small-scale mixing processes, 5657 Societal issues, 2-4, 14-17, 48-49 Solar radiation, 43, 59 Sophistication factor, 7, 170 Sound, see Acoustic techniques Southern Ocean, 59 Space-based observation systems, 36, 39-42, 44, 62-63, 103, 150-153 State government, 34-35, 125, 144 Stommel, Henry, 51 Storms, 16 Subduction, see Crustal plates and movement Submersibles, 149 Subtropical gyres, 70 Synthetic aperture radar, 62 T Tactical oceanography, 34 Teaching faculty, 123-129 passion Technological developments, 1-2, 7, 20, 49-50, 170 biological studies, 103-106 data management, 36-37 see also Instrumentation; Models and modeling; Spacebased observation systems Tectonic plates, see Crustal plates Telemetry, 62-63 Temperature, 73, 152 see also Global climate change; Heat flux; Hydrothermal processes and vents; Thermohaline circulation Thermohaline circulation, 58-59, 60, 111 Read the entire page →
From page 202... ... , 61-62 W Waste disposal, 15, 17, 37, 96-97 Water mass formation, 53, 58-59, 63 Wetlands, 45 Winds, 42, 54, 62, 66, 68, 101, 110, 116-117 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution tWHOI) , 34, 134, 140, 149 World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Read the entire page →

From page 195...

... Index A Academic research, 1-2,5,141143 employment, 124-126,128-129, 137-139 see also Coordination of research; Funding of research; Laboratories and research centers Acoustic technology, 61-62,6364,105 see also Seismic studies Advisory Committee on Ocean Sciences, NSF, 31-32 Advisory groups, 9-10, 27,31,40, 41 Algae, 72-73 Algorithms, 43,62-63,154 Alkali compounds, 71-72 Alkenones, 72-73 Altimeters, 42,62 Alvin, 149 Anthropogenic changes, 16,43, 96-97,101-102 195 Applied research, 9,15,34,50-51 Atmosphere-ocean interface, 5661,64,116-117 see also Carbon dioxide and carbon cycles; Global climate change Atmospheric Radiation Measurements program, DOE, 43 B Bacteria, 69, 70, 71,97-98,100 Baltic Sea, 101 Basalts, see Magma Basic research, 33,49,50-51,124 funding, 6-7,10-11,24-25,28, 50 Benthic organisms, 99, 102 Biodiversity, 15 Biogeochemical processes, 67-73, 95-100 see also Atmosphere-ocean interface; Carbon dioxide and carbon cycles

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From page 196...

... 196 Biological sciences, 92, 94-106 employment, 130, 133-134 Bio-optics, 105 Bromley, D Allan, 7 Bubbles, 64 Budgets, see Funding of research Bush, Vannevar, 18, 19 Calibration measurements, 61, 6263 California Current ecosystem, 101 Capacity of research, 7, 20, 50 Carbon dioxide and carbon cycles, 42-43, 56, 57-58, 90-91 biogeochemical processes, 66, 95-96, 97-100, 118-119 Carbon Dioxide Program, DOE, 42, 44 Carbonate sediments, 120 Cartography, see Maps and mapping Chemistry, see Biogeochemical processes; Carbon dioxide and carbon cycles; Geochemistry Chemosynthesis, 97, 99-100 Chief of Naval Operations, 33 Circulation processes, 6, 48, 5051, 62, 63 see also Atmosphere-ocean interface; Currents; Fluxes Climate and Global Change Program, NOAA, 35 Climatology, 6, 41-42, 48, 53-54 modeling, 43, 55-56, 89-90 sediment records, 79, 89-91 see also Atmosphere-ocean interface; Global climate change Coastal areas and processes, 15, 16-17, 43, 52, 69, 101, 107120, 147, 149 see also Continental shelf and margins Coastal Ocean Margins Program, DOE, 42, 44 INDEX Coastal Ocean Program, NOAA, 35 Cold War, 19 Committee on Earth and Environmental Sciences, FCCSET, 10, 27 Computer Hardware, Advanced Modeling and Model Physics program, DOE, 43 Computer simulation, 43, 50, 56, 154 Continental shelf and margins, 38-39, 42-43, 78-79, 87-89, 99, 108-109, 110, 111, 114, 117-118 Continuous Plankton Recorder Surveys, 106 Convection, see Mantle convection and composition; Thermohaline circulation Coordination of research, 9-13, 25-31 international, 7-8, 19, 21-22, 25-26, 153 see also specific federal agencies Cosmic rays and dust, 66, 67, 74 Costs and cost factors, 7, 20, 50, 170 Council on Ocean Affairs, 142 Cross-shelf exchange, 107, 117-118 Crustal plates and movement, 5, 47, 68-69, 72, 77-81, 92-93 and continental margins, 78-79, 87-89, 108-109 off-ridge processes, 85-87 ridge processes, 78, 81-84 and sediments, 67, 77-78, 79, 89-92 Currents, 111, 152 boundary, 60, 101, 110 Cyanolaacteria, 97-98 D Data management and exchange, 12, 30, 33, 36-37, 40, 43, 4445

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From page 197...

... , 45 Exploratory Development program, Navy, 33 Extinction of species, 92 F Facilities, 50, 139 see also Instrumentation; Laboratories and research centers; Ships Faculty, 123-129 passim Fecal pellets, 98 Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology jFCCSET) , 10, 27 Federal government, advisory groups, 9-10, 27, 31, 40, 41 employment, 124-125, 128-129, 133, 136-139 interagency cooperation, 10, 2728 ship use and support, 36, 39, 143-144, 146 see also Coordination of research; Department of Defense; Department of Energy; Environmental Protection Agency; Funding of research; Minerals Management Service; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; National Science Foundation; Navy; Office of Naval Research; U.S.

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From page 198...

... 198 Fish and fisheries, 15,36,96,101, 102,105 Floating instrument platform {FLIPl, 149-150 Flow cytometry, 105 Fluxes, 53,59-61,67-69, 74-75, 93,96,117 Food webs, 96,97-100,102 Forecasting, see Models and modeling Fossil records, 92 Free-falling sensor systems, 61-62 Freshwater flux, 59-61,111 Fronts, 107,117 Funding of research, 2,6-11,18, 24-25,28,29,34,50,154-159, 169-170 basic, 10,24-25,28,50 budget constraints, 33,35,36, 41 see also Individual investigator grants; specific federal agencies G Gases, see Atmosphere-ocean interface; Carbon dioxide and carbon cycles Genetics, 104 Geochemistry, 64-77 see also Biogeochemical processes Geological Survey, see u.s. Geological Survey Geology and geophysics, 44,45, 77-93 Georges Bank, 102 Glacial periods, 59, 90, 92 Global Change Data and Information System, 40 Global Change Research Program, 42 Global climate change, 14-15,16, 50-51,53,54,89-92 biological processes, 95-96,100101 INDEX and carbon dioxide, 42-43,9091 Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics program, 137 Global ocean observing system MOOSE, 25-26,35,52-53,5455,120 Gravity field, 41,153 Greenhouse effect, see Global climate change H Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, 149 Hazards, 16,44 Heat flux, 59-61,68,117 Human-induced changes, see Anthropogenic changes Hurricanes, 16 Hydrocarbon seeps, 15,48,99-100 Hydrophone array, 63 Hydrothermal processes and vents, 67,68-70, 71-72, 75, 79,8184 ecosystems, 5,15,47-48,99-100 I Ice conditions, 36,54,59,62,100101, 111 Ice core records, 90-91 Imaging techniques, 105-106 Indian Ocean, 59 Individual investigator grants, 1011,19,27-28 Infrared measurements, 36,62 Instrumentation, 11, 29,43,61-62, 74,105-106 see also Acoustic technology; Calibration measurements; Computer simulation; Imaging techniques; Infrared measurements; Microwave measurements; Optical instruments; Satellites; Sensor systems

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From page 199...

... (lOI) , 26, 133-135, 137139, 141 Point Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling, 32, 140- 141 L Laboratories and research centers, 139-143 federal, 33, 35, 37-38, 40-41, 43-44, 142 seafloor observatories, 93 Lipids, 72-73 Lithosphere, 77, 79-81, 82-83, 87 M Magma, 79, 83, 85-87 Mantle processes and composition, 78, 79, 80, 82-87 Maps and mapping, 34, 44-45 crustal composition, 78, 81-82, 88 Matching grants, 34 Metabolic processes, 70, 71 Microstructure measurements, 57, research 58 Microwave measurements, 36, 42, 62, 152 Military research, see Defense research Mineral resources, 17, 44, 45 199 Minerals Management Service AMUSE, 38-39 Mixing processes, 56-61, 69-71 Models and modeling, 33, 50, 54, 153-154 climate, 43, 55-56, 89-90 coastal processes, 118-120 crustal dynamics, 78, 88 Molecular biology, 44, 104 Monitoring programs, 28, 34 see also Global ocean observing system Moored instruments, 62, 105, 107108 Multidisciplinary research, 6, 48, 51-52 Multi-Frequency Acoustic Profiling System, 105 N National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

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From page 200...

... . , ,, 8-9, 10, 19, 24, 28, 30, 32, 33, 93, 140, 143, 163 Office of Naval Technology, 33, 34 Office of Research and Development, EPA, 38 ott-r~dge processes, 85-87 Offshore Geologic Framework, USGS, 45 Oil resources, 16, 17, 38-39 Oil spills, 16 Operational measurements, 41-42 Optical instruments, 105 Peer review systems, 19, 31, 32, 38-39, 45 Petroleum, see Oil resources Ph.D.-level scientists, 121-139 Photochemical reactions, 68 Photosynthesis, 57-58, 72, 97, 100 Physical sciences, 33, 52-64 see also Geochemistry Plankton, 58, 62, 69, 70-71, 97-99, Plate tectonics, see Crustal plates and movement Polar regions, 59, 60 Policy issues, 4-9, 17, 38-39 Pollution, 15, 16, 17, 37, 68 Population size and growth, 15, 17, 108 Precipitation, 60, 64, 100-101 Predictions, see Models and modeling Private research, 24, 125, 142 Publication of research, 38-39, 4445 R Radiation, 43, 44, 60, 62 Rainfall, 60, 64 Reducing Risk, 37 Remotely operated vehicles, 149 Remote sensing, see Space-based observation systems

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From page 201...

... INDEX Ridge Inter-Disciplinary Global Experiment {RIDGE) , 78, 93, 100, 137 Ridges, 69, 75, 78, 79, 81-84 Rivers and streams, 66-67, 69, 75, 76, 100-101 Rotators, 31, 32 S Salinity, 54, 60, 71-72 see also Thermohaline circulation Satellites, 5, 40-42, 44, 60, 62-63, 103, 150-153 Science Advisory Board, EPA, 37 Science: The Endless Frontier, 18 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 34, 37, 43, 134, 141, 142 Sea Cliff, 149 Sea level, 81, 91-92, 101 Seafloor, see Crustal plates and movement; Hydrothermal processes and vents; Sediments Seafloor observatories, 93 Seasat, 40 Sea-viewing Wide Field Sensor, 152 Sediments, 71, 72, 111, 114 and crustal processes, 67, 77-78, 79, 89-92 paleoceanic record, 65-67 particle transport, 76-77, 119120 Seismic studies, 45, 78, 81, 83, 93 Sensor systems, 61-62, 63-64, 105, 107-108 Ships, 28, 29, 143-149 federal use and support, 36, 39, 143-144, 146 Navy support, 19-20, 32, 33-34, 140 UNOLS fleet, 26, 39, 45, 143146, 149 201 volunteer observing, 61-62 Short-term scientific officers, see Rotators Simulations, see Computer simulations; Models and modeling Sinless, 71-72 Small-scale mixing processes, 5657 Societal issues, 2-4, 14-17, 48-49 Solar radiation, 43, 59 Sophistication factor, 7, 170 Sound, see Acoustic techniques Southern Ocean, 59 Space-based observation systems, 36, 39-42, 44, 62-63, 103, 150-153 State government, 34-35, 125, 144 Stommel, Henry, 51 Storms, 16 Subduction, see Crustal plates and movement Submersibles, 149 Subtropical gyres, 70 Synthetic aperture radar, 62 T Tactical oceanography, 34 Teaching faculty, 123-129 passion Technological developments, 1-2, 7, 20, 49-50, 170 biological studies, 103-106 data management, 36-37 see also Instrumentation; Models and modeling; Spacebased observation systems Tectonic plates, see Crustal plates Telemetry, 62-63 Temperature, 73, 152 see also Global climate change; Heat flux; Hydrothermal processes and vents; Thermohaline circulation Thermohaline circulation, 58-59, 60, 111

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From page 202...

... , 61-62 W Waste disposal, 15, 17, 37, 96-97 Water mass formation, 53, 58-59, 63 Wetlands, 45 Winds, 42, 54, 62, 66, 68, 101, 110, 116-117 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution tWHOI) , 34, 134, 140, 149 World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE)

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Index Pages 195-202

Index
Pages 195-202