Putting Biotechnology to Work Bioprocess Engineering (1992) / Chapter Skim
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2 The Challenge
2 The Challenge
Pages 13-37
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From page 13... ...
A second generation of bioproducts is now being developed whose price-cost difference will be much lower: intermediate-value biopharmaceutical and pharmaceutical products, specialty chemicals, and materials and chemicals derived from renewable resources. Bioprocess engineering is critical for the economical development of the new products, particularly as the difference between price and cost decreases and profitability becomes an important function of production costs.
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From page 14... ...
The lag between discovery of glucose isomerase and the first process was 10 years. Glucose isomerase and, later, application of very-large-scale liquid chromatography resulted in the growth of enzymatically produced 42%55% high-fructose corn syrups from none in 1966 to 12.7 billion pounds (dry basis)
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. Numerous engineering challenges needed to be addressed, from maintaining growing conditions that excluded contaminating organisms to aerating large volumes of fermentation broth.
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The goal of this section is to assess the role of bioprocess engineering in determining competitive position in the biopharmaceutical industry. 2.2.1 New Technology Required for Biopharmaceuticals The new industry has, to a large extent, required fundamentally new bioprocess technology.
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From page 17... ...
The tremendous power of rDNA and hybridoma technology has dramatically expanded our capabilities for the development of protein pharmaceuticals. At the same time, it has blurred the boundaries between those who pursue basic biological knowledge and those who apply that knowledge to bring beneficial products and services to society.
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From page 18... ...
Both Genentech and Eli Lilly were able to make it. It is not publicly known how Eli Lilly accomplished this for its commercial process, but its publications suggest that it produced a fusion protein in the bacterium and then specifically removed the amino acid extension to produce the authentic growth hormone sequence.
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From page 19... ...
Thus, protein pharmaceuticals have ranges of more than a factor of 1Os in unit value and projected production volume. For the lower-unit-value products, effective bioprocess engineering might well spell the difference between success and failure.
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From page 20... ...
rDNA and hybridoma technology allow the biological system to be optimized for maximal formation of the product, for facilitation of downstream processing, for high product quality, and for improved interaction with the production equipment. In this phase of bioprocess engineering, many disciplines must be applied, including molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, analytical chemistry, and bioprocess engi
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From page 21... ...
More efficient methods for producing and isolating families of precisely modified proteins can be devised, and the technology required to produce protein pharmaceuticals efficiently with mammalian cells can be applied to develop cell-based assays to screen for product activity or toxicity. 2.2.3 Opportunities The growing biopharmaceutical industry is facing many challenges.
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biopharmaceutical industry. Table 2.3 Key Nontechnical Challenges in Biopharmaceuticals 1.
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From page 23... ...
2.4 CONVERSION OF RENEWABLE AND NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES Most of the applications and potential applications of bioprocessing related to renewable and nonrenewable resources involve large-scale operations and products of relatively low value. The costs of processing have to be low, and the decision to use bioprocessing for such raw materials must be made with care.
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From page 24... ...
The development of inexpensive fermentable sugars would promote growth of a fermentation and chemical-conversion industry based on renewable resources. That would open the way for production of specialty chemicals that have values of $1-10/kg and also aid development of advanced technologies applicable to higher-value products.
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From page 25... ...
Chemical pulp, produced by wood delignification, is introduced continuously onto paper machines as a slurry; the wet paper mat's first support is a continuous wire screen through which water from the pulp drains. The sheet of wet paper is further dewatered by being pressed on a fabric belt and then on heated metal rollers; this results in production of a continuous sheet of paper at the other end of the paper machine.
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From page 26... ...
2.4.2 Nonrenewable Resources Bioprocessing is used much less with nonrenewable resources than with renewable resources. Nevertheless, bioprocessing has found a few commercial applications, including the leaching of copper from ore by bacteria and treatment of wastewater.
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From page 27... ...
_~ ~D -- -- -- ~ The Japanese technology made it possible to produce xylose isomerase from Streptomyces rubiginosus, using corn bran as an economical source of xylose to induce the microbial production of the enzyme. The resulting enzyme was thermally stable and had high glucose-isomerizing activity at the industrially relevant conditions of 65°C and pH 7.3 (Lloyd and Horwath, 1985)
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production had grown to over 3 billion pounds. Those events could find analogies in future developments of the biopharmaceutical industry, where process innovations should be anticipated.
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Many of them joined the growing biopharmaceutical industry in bioprocess-engineering .
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From page 30... ...
Unlike those in the biopharmaceutical sector, however, bioprocess engineers dealing with renewable and nonrenewable resources are involved with high processing volumes and often design and operate large installations. The processes themselves must still be reliable, robust, and cost-effective.
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From page 31... ...
The committee recommends that these models be examined and applied, in a suitably modified form, to the processes for obtaining value-added products from renewable resources. Incentives for adapting bioprocess technology might be provided by environmental concerns, government tax policies, the possibility of improving product quality, and economic factors.
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From page 32... ...
Very few have a bioprocess-engineering background, but the space station or a Moon or Mars colony will require bioprocess engineers as strategic members of the various aeronautical-, mechanical-, thermal-, and structural-design teams to foster communication and enable evaluation of bioprocess options for bioregenerative life support. The national space-policy goals are to return to the Moon and establish a permanent human presence.
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From page 33... ...
2) are to "extend the scientific and technical foundations for the future development of biotechnology; ensure the development of the human resource foundations for the future development of biotechnology; accelerate the transfer of biotechnology research discoveries to commercial applications; and realize the benefits of biotechnology to the health and well-being of the population and the protection and restoration of the environment." The report suggests directions for future efforts that will draw on advances in modern biotechnology based on fundamental research supported by U.S.
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A partial list of priorities in the report includes maintaining strong support for broadly applicable foundation research to sustain the momentum of progress in all fields of biotechnology and for health-related fields to capitalize on the opportunity for applications to human health, substantially increasing and closely coordinating the federal investment in biotechnology research related to manufacturing and bioprocessing, strengthening and expanding interdisciplinary research, and increasing training programs at all levels to provide essential human resources for biotechnology development. The present committee further addressed those issues as related to bioprocess engineering and the resources required for developing capabilities in manufacture of biotechnology products.
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A sustained policy is needed to foster development of a fundamental knowledge base for the manufacture of a broad spectrum of bioproducts and the training of bioprocess engineers who will grow with the growing industry. 2.8 REFERENCES Abelson, P
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From page 36... ...
1976. A kinetic comparison of Streptomyces glucose isomerase in free solution and adsorbed on DEAE cellulose.
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From page 37... ...
1988. The Impact of Bioprocessing on Enhanced Oil Recovery.
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