Minding the Helm Marine Navigation and Piloting (1994) / Chapter Skim
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5 MARINE TRAFFIC REGULATION
5 MARINE TRAFFIC REGULATION
Pages 185-216
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From page 185... ...
However, the differences preclude the aviation system from serving as an exact or even close operational model for marine traffic regulation, although lessons can be learned and adapted from the aviation experience. Furthermore, although marine traffic regulation analogous to the aviation model is technologically possible, it is not operationally feasible as the marine navigation and piloting system is organized and operated.
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From page 186... ...
The Coast Guard's port-level, nationwide operational infrastructureincluding existing VTS systems, perhaps linked with marine-pilot dispatch offices, marine exchanges, and port authorities could be adapted to form a national marine traffic regulation network modeled in concept after the National Airspace System, with or without traffic management or positive direction of vessel maneuvers. Alternatively, government- and privately-operated VTS and VTS-like systems could be expanded to improve waterways management and safety oversight.
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From page 187... ...
national air traffic control system might be adapted for marine traffic. Marine traffic regulation concepts and alternatives are presented, including expanded use of governmentand privately operated VTS and VTS-like systems of various scale that have been established in about 20 U.S.
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From page 188... ...
Army Corps of Engineers ~ Other GovernmenVP~vate O Marine Pilots 7~_ \: i~ ~ l 1 1 Sal L ~ rat A\ = ~ \ FIGURE 5-1 Vessel traffic services and similar operations serving U.S. waters.
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From page 189... ...
Coast Guard) ; 21 VTS Sarnia (Canadian Coast Guard)
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From page 190... ...
air traffic control system provides virtually universal coverage of controlled airspace (Illman, 1993; Nolan, 19901. Air traffic control services include: · flight service stations that help pilots plan their flights; · airport traffic control towers (at about 400 airports)
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From page 191... ...
Also provided is real-time enroute support, referred to as flight control, that complements air traffic control services. This company-based planning is a principal resource for keeping air carrier service within air traffic control capacity and includes rescheduling and cancellation of flights if delays develop, such as might occur due to adverse weather affecting landings and takeoffs.
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From page 192... ...
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From page 193... ...
A human systems perspective on these abilities is presented in Chapter 7. Whether the aviation model would work in the marine environment to support these actions and the underlying traffic control concept depends on: · whether and to what degree the factors that govern success in the National Airspace System are relevant to marine transportation; · identification and assessment of governing factors peculiar to the marine environment that cannot be handled by the air traffic control model; and · an assessment of capabilities to develop and operate a system of marine traffic regulation that incorporates the features of the air traffic control system.
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From page 194... ...
The table is derived from Nolan (1990) , the principal text on the fundamentals of air traffic control, and two papers prepared for the Committee on Advances in Navigation and Piloting Braff et al.
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From page 195... ...
Controlled space Strict rules govern entry Space management by the by all aircraft in Coast Guard on an controlled airspace infrequent and selective basis for federal waters; queuing of traffic by Army Corps of Engineers for transits of certain canals and continued on next page
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From page 196... ...
196 TABLE 5-1 Continued MINDING THE HELM System Feature Aviation Marine Controlled space (continued) Physical separation Real-time accurate navigation capability Standard practice.
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From page 197... ...
Environmental Well defined environmental Operating constraints constraints on parameters used to prevent infrequently imposed for operation or reduce exposure to environmental hazardous |
From page 198... ...
National state jurisdiction. and licensing professional development Single licensing requirements for and licensing requirements authority (Coast Guard)
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From page 199... ...
Organizational structure and management practices described in Table 5-1 and Appendix H contribute significantly to the success of air traffic control. In contrast, the marine navigation and piloting system lacks strong organizational structure (Chapter 11.
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From page 200... ...
continuation and expansion of VTS systems into more ports as an information-based navigation aid; · expansion and adaptation of the existing VTS system into a marine traffic regulation network (leaving pilots aboard ships) following the air traffic con trol concept; and · shore-based direction of vessel maneuvering by shore-based marine pi
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From page 201... ...
A useful VTS definition was developed for the Commission of the European Communities' examination of marine traffic and its safety (referred to as the COST 301 study) to make the action component of VTS explicit (Cutland et al., 1988; see also Hofstee, 1990a; IMO, 1985a)
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From page 202... ...
Also, while VTS-collected data often are shared with marine exchanges, the Coast Guard does not systematically collect or disseminate vessel premovement information specifically to facilitate port operations. Although the agency has considerable enabling authority to affect the movement of waterway traffic (traffic management authority is derived from the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972 as amended)
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From page 203... ...
Vessel traffic management in major European ports has evolved to where widely disseminated "movement forecasts" are produced routinely based on information provided by agents, owners, and berth operators. In practice, these
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From page 204... ...
, the Netherlands The River Scheldt VTS network conducts vessel traffic service operations for the River Scheldt, bordering coastlines, the port of Flushing, and for Belgian ports including Antwerp. (Wayne Young, Marine Board)
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From page 205... ...
Although many members of the marine community had an opportunity to contribute to the Port Needs Study, the opportunity for public participation in developing or supporting the forthcoming VTS 2000 operational concept is more limited because of the nature of the federal acquisition process. However, the Coast Guard included several experts from the marine community, including a marine pilot, in the concept development team.
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From page 206... ...
. For example, after the Coast Guard-operated VTS in the Port of New York and New Jersey was shut down in 1988, mariners who had grown dependent on the disciplined information flow from the VTS had to return to informal, less-precise traditional methods for broadcasting information about their transits (Ives et al., 1992; Young, 1994~.
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From page 207... ...
amp II=~I~1I~ ~ s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s ~ s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s ~ s s s s s s s I 1~llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll~llllel~^icllll~klll_6si^~lllisllll~iSi~llllvislllll _llli~lll~lll6-llllll1 IllllllllllllllllllllllllllllSi~llll~llll<~llll~i~l~lllld~llll~llll~llll~sll~llllll#I~Sll~llllll~llllllll I ~ IMPROVING IS ~A~E~1 PorLby-Port Expansion of V1S 207 Addihonal VTS systems could be instaNed in the United States, but ~ v~iety of issues would need to be resolved hrsL Federal resources ~e limited, There ~e concems about tbe Coast Ou~d's Sta~Dg prachces: its capabiDties to build and maintain tbe necessary pro~ssional experdse; and, in tbe past its lack of long-te~ commitment to operahug VTS systems. Tbere is also concem about tbe national commitment ~r conOnuing operation of ~TS systems (C4O, 1988;
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From page 208... ...
The Coast Guard instead chose full-mission systems to provide more complete navigation support in ports that were served. With the limitations of the technologies prevailing in VTS operations (voice radio communications and radar)
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From page 209... ...
Both forms exist in the United States; however, only VTS systems operated by the Coast Guard and the Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation are addressed in the 1992 Federal Radionavigation Plan (DOT and DOD, 1993J. The plan is silent with regard to non-federal VTS or VTS-like operations or marine traffic regulation conducted by other federal agencies, such as that performed by the Army Corps of Engineers for transits of the Cape Cod Canal (USAGE, 19801.
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From page 210... ...
need for extensive manual collection and processing of traffic information. In the long term, technology that permits electronic rather than voice radio transmission of general traffic information could potentially reduce manning requirements while also reducing the potential for human error.
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From page 211... ...
These factors typically are not addressed in comparisons between vessel and VTS operations and professional requirements. Adapting the Aviation Model to Marine Transportation Another option is to develop a marine traffic regulation system that mirrors the air traffic control system in concept if not in function, using and expanding existing VTS systems as the centerpiece.
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From page 212... ...
A major obstacle to creating a marine traffic regulation network is the fact that, nationally and internationally, VTS systems don't cover all ports. Moreover, even where VTS systems are present, they differ in operating procedures and levels of service.
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From page 213... ...
Coast Guard-operated VTS systems do not provide maneuvering orders. Puget Sound VTS has done so on a few occasions, usually involving a foreign-flag ship that missed the Port Angeles pilot station and was standing in dangerous waters of the eastern Straits of Juan de Fuca.
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From page 214... ...
(In contrast, an air traffic controller is not asked to fly the planes or to integrate the many cues that must be considered in deciding something as simple as when and where to turn.) Even if the VTS were able to acquire the necessary data, the information still would have to be integrated, decisions made, orders fed back to the vessel under control, and timely and correct action taken by the vessel operator.
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From page 215... ...
Also envisioned is Coast Guard coordination with the Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation and the Army Corps of Engineers to promote consistent application of national VTS standards in marine traffic regulation activities conducted by these organizations.
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