Minding the Helm Marine Navigation and Piloting (1994) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2 PILOTING PRACTICES
2 PILOTING PRACTICES
Pages 67-98
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 67... ...
Pilots and piloting in the United States vary according to areas served, the functions performed, and differing requirements for local Icnowledge and specific shiphandling skills. Pilots may or may not be members of a vessel's crew depending on governance and, in the case of domestic shipping and the towing industry, depending on company operating policies as well.
|
From page 68... ...
Pilot response to the expectations of their profession seems to be the dominant factor in the effectiveness of pilotage, regardless of the pilotage model used. INTRODUCTION This chapter describes piloting practices in the United States, the context for the analysis in the chapters that follow.
|
From page 69... ...
BE pilot stepping Tom a pilot boat to a pilot ladder labile bonding a ship on San Francisco in good Scathe (Joscpb A Zygote, 3~ F~~cf~o B~r FJo~)
|
From page 70... ...
coastwise trade and the inland towing industry. This report distinguishes "marine pilots" as locally based master mariners who provide pilotage service.
|
From page 71... ...
When providing service to a vessel in foreign trade, docking masters are not at present covered by state-level licensing requirements. The Coast Guard proposed rules in July 1993 that would require federal pilotage for foreign trade vessels making intraport transits in certain designated waters in New York and New Jersey, transiting designated waters in Massachusetts, and navigating at certain offshore marine oil terminals in California and Hawaii (FR 58[130]
|
From page 72... ...
Although virtually all marine pilots in the United States (including statelicensed pilots) hold a Federal First Class Pilot's License (or Federal First Class Pilot's endorsement permitting them to serve as pilot)
|
From page 73... ...
Coast Guard-issued licenses as masters or mates. Ninety-three active pilot and docking master organizations were identified in the United States, as follows: · 62 state pilot organizations, the operations are regulated by board or commissions (includes 1 group of state-licensed pilots who are port authority employees iMobile, Alabama]
|
From page 74... ...
The distribution of pilot organizations providing services to commercial shipping is shown in Figures 2-1 through 2-4.
|
From page 75... ...
75 i-\ ~ -.: :~ :~ Sm ~ Atop i~ : v)
|
From page 76... ...
76 I ~ ._ ~ ~ Cal ._ Ct ~ o :' ~ ski 3 V)
|
From page 77... ...
:::: :::: ::: :::: ~.~ ~ ~ \ ~- -.-.~ ~ ~, . ~ I ~Southwest Juneau / Glacier Bay ~ Alaska/ I- H ,' :~ ~omer Down Southeast Alaska / Ketchikan Pilotage Service Organizations O State Pilot Associations 0 Independent Pilot Group Company Mooring Masters 77 FIGURE 2-4 Location of pilot associations and mooring masters in Alaska and Hawaii.
|
From page 78... ...
The pilot also must be able to work with the expanding range of navigation technologies and configurations. Pilots perform navigation and piloting functions, and for the vessels served by pilots, may coordinate vessel movements to some extent.
|
From page 79... ...
The offshore boarding area is located seaward of the bar or entrance channel at a sufficient distance to provide an adequate margin of navigation safety for inbound and outbound vessels. The pilot boarding area may be inside or outside of the United States' three nautical mile territorial sea, which is the limit of coastal state and federal jurisdiction for pilotage.
|
From page 80... ...
The pilot boat is shifting the marine pilot from the outbound U.S.-flag container ship to an inbound foreign-flag container ship. The assist tugs are shifting from the outbound to the inbound ship to await the pilot's instructions once the pilot has boarded from the pilot boat.
|
From page 81... ...
The extent of the pilot's responsibility for navigation of vessels in foreign trade and the pilot's relationship to the master are not always defined by state law, but the pilot generally has primary responsibility for navigating the ship to its destination. Unlike federal pilotage statutes, state pilot laws (except in some West Coast jurisdictions)
|
From page 82... ...
82 MINDING THE HELM pilot and a proper information exchange when the pilot boards are critical to safe navigation (Barr, 1990; Crenshaw, 1975; MacElrevey, 1988; Meurn, 1990~. The master briefs the pilot on the vessel's equipment status, trim,2 and maneuvering characteristics.
|
From page 83... ...
Federal rules require that the person in charge of a vessel notify the Coast Guard of any condition on the vessel that could adversely affect safety or the environment (33 CFR 160~; pilot organizations reject the interpretation that pilots are "in charge of a vessel" for purposes of this requirement. There are no state or federal requirements for a pilot to notify safety authorities if there is disagreement between the master and pilot about either maneuvers or the pilot's evaluation of the vessel's ability to safely transit the pilotage route.
|
From page 84... ...
Some pilots indicated concern that if there were a formal requirement for marine pilots rather than the master to report unsafe conditions, then the marine pilots could be caught between maintaining a working relationship on the vessel and satisfying real-time information needs of marine safety and state-level authorities.
|
From page 85... ...
Institutionally, pilotage rates are an element of pilotage administration that can affect, at least indirectly, the availability of pilots as well as safety performance. The financial accountability of pilot organizations that are granted a public franchise to conduct a "limited entry" business is within the scope of this study, insofar as it relates to effectiveness and adequacy of pilotage services and systems.
|
From page 86... ...
Professional Development Professional development requirements are found in varying degree and adequacy in legislation or regulations for the federal pilotage system, in the pilot
|
From page 87... ...
This is also the general case for docking master associations and for some operating companies that invest in developing the federal pilotage credentials of vessel officers and mooring masters in their employment (MacElrevey, 1988; Ramaswamy and Grabowski, 19921. Marine pilots and docking masters function as independent contractors, and this status is intended to protect the organizations with which they are affiliated from liability for any deficiency in professional competence (see Parks, 1982~.
|
From page 88... ...
oo -! lllI II~I Il=Ill ~ BI# I~I II4I1~III ~1~1~11 I 11111111 1 111 1 ~ Mob #Ilk HI S(6 I(~ {~i 3~} fins ~ PI MINI 1 I _~,I.
|
From page 89... ...
and docking masters, whether in the United States or elsewhere, occurs in three stages: . acquisition of basic maritime knowledge and skills; · pilot training (normally an apprenticeship)
|
From page 90... ...
have been established by some state pilot associations. One state pilot association maintains a full-time licensed master as a pilot instructor and has a well-developed training curriculum and professional development program (Vincent Black, United Sandy Hook Pilots, personal communication, May 29, 1991~.
|
From page 91... ...
One pilot association, by agreement with the Coast Guard as an element of their Coast Guard-approved pilot development program, does not permit a pilot candidate to take an examination for an initial Federal First Class Pilot's License until 360 round trips are accumulated (120 for a third mate oceans license) (Bennett, 1989; Basil R
|
From page 92... ...
Pilots and Modern Technology Piloting by local experts is heavily dependent on visual cues, particularly for docking and undocking evolutions. However, gyro compasses, rudder angle indicators, radios, radars, and depth sounders are standard equipment, without which few marine pilots will sail.
|
From page 93... ...
. Once the value of specific technology is established, marine pilots frequently become the most ardent supporters and users.
|
From page 94... ...
94 MINDING THE HELM lion in safety (NRC, 1990a)
|
From page 95... ...
11 1 ~lllc~llll~lll3~lll~lllll#~ylll~l) ~i/.1111~311116 #nJ11111s~lll~llll6#s~illlliav 111 1 l l ~ l l I l l ~ l l l l l s ~ ~ l l l l ~ l l l l ~ ~ ~ l l l l l l ~ l l l ~ l l l l l l ~ e l l l l ~ ~ ~ l l l l ~ ~ l l l l l l ~ l l l ~ l l c ~ u ~ l l l : Imp "I~I; ~#I~ 1 ll_~.INIIlIIl~ll'IIIlI' ~ I II2UI I llI' lI 1 IIII1 I1 I1 ~j meets ~om marine pilols ~r operadonal practices tbat would reduce or impose no delays in ~ansh, such as might result Lom ~g, to impro~c economic c~cicncy and operational sa~ty (by hmRing c~posurc to advcrsc operational condihons~ ~ "~ fo ~f~ 074~r /~ ~ ~~rf~ ~ot ~(f~ m~or or ~cf~/2 g~/~ ~~r or ~' -~r ~~f~ ~ ~f7~t A~ 6~ ~/o ro ~rfJ~ /~ ~ (~/~ ~/~/ ~ff~g c~f~ ~ /~' f~ o~ff~/ r ~~ ~d ~cf~' f~~0 ~ ~f~.
|
From page 96... ...
The Role of Pilotage Models Navigation safety depends on effective performance by whoever is piloting each vessel. The professional discipline needed to achieve elective performance is rooted in the preparations for becoming a pilot, the ability to apply practical skills, the ability to engage in interdependent decision making on the vessel and in the waterway, and professional integrity.
|
From page 97... ...
, and continuing professional development are rare features in both state and federal pilotage systems. It is primarily these gaps that seem to make pilotage most vulnerable for near-term problems in effectiveness and efficiency.
|
From page 98... ...
In the United States, the Great Lakes pilotage system was reorganized administratively to improve official oversight and to ensure an effective organizational structure for pilot groups serving the region. Safety performance was not an issue.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.