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From page 311... ... Index Read the entire page →
From page 313... ... A Absenteeism, 7, 130, 134-144, 169, 220-222 and employee assistance programs, 249-250, 253 and wellness programs, 244, 245 Abuse of drugs definition, 2, 21 progression to, 3, 31-32, 36, 43 Accidents, 7, 11, 129, 144-152, 169, 216, 237 alcohol-related, 19, 129, 148, 149, 150-151, 159 testing after, 75, 78, 114, 285, 288 transportation, 7, 144, 145-149, 158159, 169 Accuracy of testing procedures, 7-8, 1 79, 1 92- 1 95, 207-208 personality profiles, TO, 209-210 urinalysis, 8, 10, 207, 210 Adulteration of specimens, 182-183, 195 After-care, 261-263 Age-related differences, 5, 6, 35, 58, 99, 123 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) , 256, 257 Alcohol use, 2, 5, 15, 19, 31, 34, 37, 42, 56, 57, 90, 95-97, 99, 131 and accidents, 19, 129, 148, 149, 150-151, 159 deaths, 15, 18n and early intervention, 260-261 and employee assistance programs, 255-256, 257 and employment status, 5, 58, 61, 94, 98, 99 heavy drinking, 4, 5, 32, 41-42, 5253, 56, 66, 67, 98, 99, 163 and job satisfaction, 154-155 by military personnel, 66, 67, 69-70 performance effects, 6, 69-70, 73, 112-113, 123, 157, 163-164 and polydrug use, 3, 36, 43 residual effects, 1 13, l 14-1 15 social attitudes toward, 15-16, 41 42 testing for, 51, 75, 81, 149, 191, 215-216 and wellness programs, 242-243 313 Read the entire page →
From page 314... ... , 190 Cocaine, 15, 19, 31, 36, 37, 41, 61, 72, 75, 80, 94, 96, 116, 184, 215 performance effects, 6, 123, 164- 165 Collective bargaining, 294 College of American Pathologists, 180 Combinations of drugs, see Polydrug use Community factors, 29, 30 Comparability and differences among studies, 5, 35, 89-98, 99-100, 272 Conrail-Amtrak train crash (Maryland) , 16, 129 Consensus Report on Employee Drug Testing, 1989, 8, 180- 181, 207 Constitutional issues, 286-296, 299 Construction workers, 4, 61, 79-80, 98 Constructive confrontation, 246, 252, 253-254, 257, 259 Costs of drug use, 16, 17- 18 employer-provided health care, 18, 244-245, 250, 255-257 field studies, 7, 160- 166, 169 illegal drugs, 18, 160- 161 testing, 24n, 231-232 Counseling, 243-244. Read the entire page →
From page 315... ... , 12-13, 206-207, 246-257, 263264, 285 supervisor training, 205, 246, 251254 Employment status and patterns studies of, 4-5, 58-65, 99, 165-166 turnover, 152-154, 220-221 Ephedrine, 194 Epidemiological studies, 4-5, 49-52, 98 100 as basis for test battery additions, 9, 208 biochemical testing, 49, 50-51, 73 81 large-scale surveys, 49, 52-73 limitations, 50-52, 89, 273-275 methodology, 272-275 national panel surveys, 4, 99 organization-specific, 49, 81-89 Ethical issues, 299-300 Ethnic groups, 5, 35, 38, 58, 61, 67, 99 Etiology, see Causes and risk factors Executive Order 12564, 19, 178, 179, 215, 285 Experience with drugs, 6, 31, 33, 123 Experimental studies, 13-14, 273, 275 278, 283 External validity, 1 15, 278 Exxon Valdez oil spill, 16, 129 F False negatives, 194-195 False positives, 9, 185, 192, 193-194, 195, 208-209, 298 personality profiling, 197-199, 202203 Family relationships, 18, 29, 30, 33, 248-249 Federal contractors, 179, 285 Federal employees, 19, 179, 247, 285 Read the entire page →
From page 316... ... , 179, 184, 185-186 Gender, see Sex-related differences Genetic factors, 29, 31 H Hair testing, 9, 177, 183- 184, 208, 299 Hangover effects, 2, 6, 22, 113, 123, 124 Hard-core and heavy users, 5, 37, 99 alcohol, 4, 5, 32, 41-42, 52-53, 56, 66, 67, 98, 99, 163 Health care costs, 17, 161 for employers, 18, 244-245, 250, 255-257 Health maintenance organizations, 255 Health promotion and wellness programs, 241-246 Heroin, 15, 19, 178 High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) , 186- 187 INDEX High School Senior surveys (HSS) Read the entire page →
From page 317... ... , 206 Occupational differences in use, 5, 35, 40-43, 61-65, 9O, 94, 99 Omnibus Transportation Employee Testing Act (OTETA) , 215-216, 285-286, 294 On-Site Drug Testing Study, 8, 207 On-site testing facilities, 8, 185, 190191, 207 Opiates, 19, 75, 113, 184, 215 in poppy seeds, 194 Over-the-counter drugs, 6, 20, 124, 191 residual effects, 6, 123 test result reporting, 10, 191, 209 p Paper-and-pencil tests, 10, 196- 197, 209, 210 Read the entire page →
From page 318... ... 318 Peer relationships, 29, 30, 32, 33, 37, 38, 155, 157-158 Performance and productivity effects, 16-18, 95, 219-226 laboratory studies, 6, 107- 123 legal medications, 6, 20, 124, 191 of testing, 11 - 12, 227-231, 236 see also Field studies Performance testing methods, 10, 195, 203-207, 209-210, 299 Periodic medical testing, 75, 77-78 Personality testing and profiling, 10, 52, 195, 196-203, 209-210, 282 Phencyclidine, 19, 75, 184, 215 Physiological effects, 2 Policies, see Public policies; Testing programs and policies Polydrug use, 3, 36-37, 43, 115- 116 performance effects, 6, 123 Poppy seeds, 193, 194 Positive results consequences of, 12, 236, 293-294 and treatment referral, 13, 263-264 Postal employees, 81, 85, 134, 152, 219-224 Practical importance, of study results, 278-279 Prescription drugs, 6, 20, 124, 191 residual effects, 6, 123 test result reporting, 10, 191, 209 Prevalence, 35-36, 98, 273 as basis for test battery additions, 9, 208 and employment status, 5, 98, 99 see also Epidemiological studies Prevention programs, 3, 43, 241-246 Prison testing, 185 Privacy issues, 9-10, 191-192, 209, 234, 285, 286-299 Private-sector drug testing, 286, 294295, 298-299 Probable cause, 286-287 Productivity, see Performance and productivity effects Professional occupations, 4, 61, 65, 98, 234 Prohibition, 15 INDEX Prospective panel studies, 272-273 Protective factors, 33-34 Psychological testing, see Personality testing and profiling Public policies, 16, 19, 216-217, 231, 284-286 savings assessments, 7, 161 - 162, 169 Q Quality control, testing procedures, 8-9, 75n, 187- 190, 207-208 Quality of research, 11, 23, 159- 160, 236 and policy decisions, 7, 278-279 Quasi-experimental studies, 275-276 R Racial and ethnic groups, see Ethnic groups Radio immunoassay (RIA) , 185 Railroad accidents, 16, 129 testing after, 148-149, 288-289 Randomized field studies, 13- 14, 273, 276-278, 283 Random testing, 75, 77, 78, 81, 88-89, 216, 226-227, 291-292, 293 Reagan and Bush administration policies, 16, 19, 178, 179, 215, 216-217, 285 Reasonableness standard, 287, 290, 291-292, 295, 296 Referral for treatment, 13, 246, 252254, 257, 258-261, 263-264 Regional variation, 58, 79 among treatment programs, 273 Regulatory requirements for employee assistance programs, 247-248 mandatory testing, 19, 179, 284-286, 287-294, 298 testing procedures, 8-9, 186- 191, 207-208 Relapse, 261-263 Residual effects, 2, 6, 22, 34, 113- 115, 123, 124 Read the entire page →
From page 319... ... INDEX Retail employees, 94 Reverse causation, 4, 43, 273, 274, 276 Risk factors, see Causes and risk factors S Safety-sensitive positions justification of drug testing, 12, 233234, 237, 289-291, 292-293 and legal medications, 6, 123, 124 mandatory testing, 285-286, 297 Saliva testing, 9, 183, 208 Samples and sampling methods, usage studies, 5, 51 -52, 100 see also under Testing procedures and results; Urine testing; and other specific testing methods Sedatives performance effects, 6, 113, 118, 121, 123 testing of, 9, 191, 208 Self-esteem, 38, 39, 274 Self-referral, for treatment, 242, 245, 246, 253, 258-259 Self-report studies Self-report surveys, 4, 5, 35, 74, 98, 99-100 large-scale surveys, 49, 52-73 limitations, 50, 89, 130, 177, 281282 Self-selection, by job applicants, 233, 235 Sex-related differences, 5, 35, 37, 38, 42-43, 58, 61, 90, 95, 99, 165 Skinner v. Railway Labor Executive's Association, 287, 288-291, 293 Smoking and tobacco use, 2, 4, 19n, 22, 53, 56, 57, 98, 99 among military personnel, 66, 67, 70 among teens, 4, 31, 98 deaths, 15, 18n and polydrug use, 3, 36, 43 and wellness programs, 243-244 Social attitudes and norms, 15-16, 32, 33, 43 Specimens for testing, see under 319 Testing procedures and results; Urine testing; and other specific testing methods Spuriousness, of causal relationships, 273, 277, 280-281 Standards and guidelines diagnostic criteria, 22n employee assistance programs, 246, 257 for test result review, 13, 264 State laws, 180, 296-298 Statistical modeling, 274, 275, 280-282 Statistical significance, 278-279 Stimulants, 6, 111- 112, 115, 116, 121, 123, 148 Stress, work-related, 4, 37, 43, 130 Studies comparability and differences among, 5, 35, 89-98, 99-100, 272 design issues, 228-231, 271-283 see also Epidemiological studies; Field studies; Laboratory studies Supervisor intervention constructive confrontation, 246, 252, 253-254, 257, 259 employee assistance programs, 205, 246, 251-254 Supplemental Appropriations Act of 1987, 285 T Tampering with specimens, 182-183, 195 Temperance movements, 15- 16 Temporal sequence, 280-281 Testing procedures and results, 24n, 178-195 accuracy and reliability, 7-8, 179, 192- 195, 207-208, 281 costs, 24n, 231-232 as epidemiological data source, 49, 50-51, 73-81 false positives, 9, 185, 192, 193-194, 195, 208-209, 298 GC/MS technology, 9, 179, 184, 185- 186, 209 Read the entire page →
From page 320... ... See also Employee assistance programs (EAPs) Truck drivers, 19, 94-95, 116, 145, 148 Turnover, 152- 154, 220-221 U Unemployment, 4, 5, 58, 61, 98, 99 Unionized industries, 294-295 Urine testing, 4, 8, 9, 10, 50-51, 98, 180, 181, 208 accuracy, 8, 10, 207, 210 limitations and contraindications, 80, 177, 191, 193-195, 281 privacy issues, 234, 288, 293, 299 specimen collection, 9, 181- 183, 208, 285, 293 U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 321... ... INDEX Workplace intervention programs, 3, 5, 99, see also Employee assistance programs (EAPs) ; Health promotion and wellness programs; Testing programs and policies Worldwide Surveys of Substance Abuse and Health Behaviors Among Military Personnel (MWS) Read the entire page →

From page 311...

... Index

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From page 313...

... A Absenteeism, 7, 130, 134-144, 169, 220-222 and employee assistance programs, 249-250, 253 and wellness programs, 244, 245 Abuse of drugs definition, 2, 21 progression to, 3, 31-32, 36, 43 Accidents, 7, 11, 129, 144-152, 169, 216, 237 alcohol-related, 19, 129, 148, 149, 150-151, 159 testing after, 75, 78, 114, 285, 288 transportation, 7, 144, 145-149, 158159, 169 Accuracy of testing procedures, 7-8, 1 79, 1 92- 1 95, 207-208 personality profiles, TO, 209-210 urinalysis, 8, 10, 207, 210 Adulteration of specimens, 182-183, 195 After-care, 261-263 Age-related differences, 5, 6, 35, 58, 99, 123 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) , 256, 257 Alcohol use, 2, 5, 15, 19, 31, 34, 37, 42, 56, 57, 90, 95-97, 99, 131 and accidents, 19, 129, 148, 149, 150-151, 159 deaths, 15, 18n and early intervention, 260-261 and employee assistance programs, 255-256, 257 and employment status, 5, 58, 61, 94, 98, 99 heavy drinking, 4, 5, 32, 41-42, 5253, 56, 66, 67, 98, 99, 163 and job satisfaction, 154-155 by military personnel, 66, 67, 69-70 performance effects, 6, 69-70, 73, 112-113, 123, 157, 163-164 and polydrug use, 3, 36, 43 residual effects, 1 13, l 14-1 15 social attitudes toward, 15-16, 41 42 testing for, 51, 75, 81, 149, 191, 215-216 and wellness programs, 242-243 313

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From page 314...

... , 190 Cocaine, 15, 19, 31, 36, 37, 41, 61, 72, 75, 80, 94, 96, 116, 184, 215 performance effects, 6, 123, 164- 165 Collective bargaining, 294 College of American Pathologists, 180 Combinations of drugs, see Polydrug use Community factors, 29, 30 Comparability and differences among studies, 5, 35, 89-98, 99-100, 272 Conrail-Amtrak train crash (Maryland) , 16, 129 Consensus Report on Employee Drug Testing, 1989, 8, 180- 181, 207 Constitutional issues, 286-296, 299 Construction workers, 4, 61, 79-80, 98 Constructive confrontation, 246, 252, 253-254, 257, 259 Costs of drug use, 16, 17- 18 employer-provided health care, 18, 244-245, 250, 255-257 field studies, 7, 160- 166, 169 illegal drugs, 18, 160- 161 testing, 24n, 231-232 Counseling, 243-244.

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From page 315...

... , 12-13, 206-207, 246-257, 263264, 285 supervisor training, 205, 246, 251254 Employment status and patterns studies of, 4-5, 58-65, 99, 165-166 turnover, 152-154, 220-221 Ephedrine, 194 Epidemiological studies, 4-5, 49-52, 98 100 as basis for test battery additions, 9, 208 biochemical testing, 49, 50-51, 73 81 large-scale surveys, 49, 52-73 limitations, 50-52, 89, 273-275 methodology, 272-275 national panel surveys, 4, 99 organization-specific, 49, 81-89 Ethical issues, 299-300 Ethnic groups, 5, 35, 38, 58, 61, 67, 99 Etiology, see Causes and risk factors Executive Order 12564, 19, 178, 179, 215, 285 Experience with drugs, 6, 31, 33, 123 Experimental studies, 13-14, 273, 275 278, 283 External validity, 1 15, 278 Exxon Valdez oil spill, 16, 129 F False negatives, 194-195 False positives, 9, 185, 192, 193-194, 195, 208-209, 298 personality profiling, 197-199, 202203 Family relationships, 18, 29, 30, 33, 248-249 Federal contractors, 179, 285 Federal employees, 19, 179, 247, 285

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From page 316...

... , 179, 184, 185-186 Gender, see Sex-related differences Genetic factors, 29, 31 H Hair testing, 9, 177, 183- 184, 208, 299 Hangover effects, 2, 6, 22, 113, 123, 124 Hard-core and heavy users, 5, 37, 99 alcohol, 4, 5, 32, 41-42, 52-53, 56, 66, 67, 98, 99, 163 Health care costs, 17, 161 for employers, 18, 244-245, 250, 255-257 Health maintenance organizations, 255 Health promotion and wellness programs, 241-246 Heroin, 15, 19, 178 High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) , 186- 187 INDEX High School Senior surveys (HSS)

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From page 317...

... , 206 Occupational differences in use, 5, 35, 40-43, 61-65, 9O, 94, 99 Omnibus Transportation Employee Testing Act (OTETA) , 215-216, 285-286, 294 On-Site Drug Testing Study, 8, 207 On-site testing facilities, 8, 185, 190191, 207 Opiates, 19, 75, 113, 184, 215 in poppy seeds, 194 Over-the-counter drugs, 6, 20, 124, 191 residual effects, 6, 123 test result reporting, 10, 191, 209 p Paper-and-pencil tests, 10, 196- 197, 209, 210

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From page 318...

... 318 Peer relationships, 29, 30, 32, 33, 37, 38, 155, 157-158 Performance and productivity effects, 16-18, 95, 219-226 laboratory studies, 6, 107- 123 legal medications, 6, 20, 124, 191 of testing, 11 - 12, 227-231, 236 see also Field studies Performance testing methods, 10, 195, 203-207, 209-210, 299 Periodic medical testing, 75, 77-78 Personality testing and profiling, 10, 52, 195, 196-203, 209-210, 282 Phencyclidine, 19, 75, 184, 215 Physiological effects, 2 Policies, see Public policies; Testing programs and policies Polydrug use, 3, 36-37, 43, 115- 116 performance effects, 6, 123 Poppy seeds, 193, 194 Positive results consequences of, 12, 236, 293-294 and treatment referral, 13, 263-264 Postal employees, 81, 85, 134, 152, 219-224 Practical importance, of study results, 278-279 Prescription drugs, 6, 20, 124, 191 residual effects, 6, 123 test result reporting, 10, 191, 209 Prevalence, 35-36, 98, 273 as basis for test battery additions, 9, 208 and employment status, 5, 98, 99 see also Epidemiological studies Prevention programs, 3, 43, 241-246 Prison testing, 185 Privacy issues, 9-10, 191-192, 209, 234, 285, 286-299 Private-sector drug testing, 286, 294295, 298-299 Probable cause, 286-287 Productivity, see Performance and productivity effects Professional occupations, 4, 61, 65, 98, 234 Prohibition, 15 INDEX Prospective panel studies, 272-273 Protective factors, 33-34 Psychological testing, see Personality testing and profiling Public policies, 16, 19, 216-217, 231, 284-286 savings assessments, 7, 161 - 162, 169 Q Quality control, testing procedures, 8-9, 75n, 187- 190, 207-208 Quality of research, 11, 23, 159- 160, 236 and policy decisions, 7, 278-279 Quasi-experimental studies, 275-276 R Racial and ethnic groups, see Ethnic groups Radio immunoassay (RIA) , 185 Railroad accidents, 16, 129 testing after, 148-149, 288-289 Randomized field studies, 13- 14, 273, 276-278, 283 Random testing, 75, 77, 78, 81, 88-89, 216, 226-227, 291-292, 293 Reagan and Bush administration policies, 16, 19, 178, 179, 215, 216-217, 285 Reasonableness standard, 287, 290, 291-292, 295, 296 Referral for treatment, 13, 246, 252254, 257, 258-261, 263-264 Regional variation, 58, 79 among treatment programs, 273 Regulatory requirements for employee assistance programs, 247-248 mandatory testing, 19, 179, 284-286, 287-294, 298 testing procedures, 8-9, 186- 191, 207-208 Relapse, 261-263 Residual effects, 2, 6, 22, 34, 113- 115, 123, 124

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From page 319...

... INDEX Retail employees, 94 Reverse causation, 4, 43, 273, 274, 276 Risk factors, see Causes and risk factors S Safety-sensitive positions justification of drug testing, 12, 233234, 237, 289-291, 292-293 and legal medications, 6, 123, 124 mandatory testing, 285-286, 297 Saliva testing, 9, 183, 208 Samples and sampling methods, usage studies, 5, 51 -52, 100 see also under Testing procedures and results; Urine testing; and other specific testing methods Sedatives performance effects, 6, 113, 118, 121, 123 testing of, 9, 191, 208 Self-esteem, 38, 39, 274 Self-referral, for treatment, 242, 245, 246, 253, 258-259 Self-report studies Self-report surveys, 4, 5, 35, 74, 98, 99-100 large-scale surveys, 49, 52-73 limitations, 50, 89, 130, 177, 281282 Self-selection, by job applicants, 233, 235 Sex-related differences, 5, 35, 37, 38, 42-43, 58, 61, 90, 95, 99, 165 Skinner v. Railway Labor Executive's Association, 287, 288-291, 293 Smoking and tobacco use, 2, 4, 19n, 22, 53, 56, 57, 98, 99 among military personnel, 66, 67, 70 among teens, 4, 31, 98 deaths, 15, 18n and polydrug use, 3, 36, 43 and wellness programs, 243-244 Social attitudes and norms, 15-16, 32, 33, 43 Specimens for testing, see under 319 Testing procedures and results; Urine testing; and other specific testing methods Spuriousness, of causal relationships, 273, 277, 280-281 Standards and guidelines diagnostic criteria, 22n employee assistance programs, 246, 257 for test result review, 13, 264 State laws, 180, 296-298 Statistical modeling, 274, 275, 280-282 Statistical significance, 278-279 Stimulants, 6, 111- 112, 115, 116, 121, 123, 148 Stress, work-related, 4, 37, 43, 130 Studies comparability and differences among, 5, 35, 89-98, 99-100, 272 design issues, 228-231, 271-283 see also Epidemiological studies; Field studies; Laboratory studies Supervisor intervention constructive confrontation, 246, 252, 253-254, 257, 259 employee assistance programs, 205, 246, 251-254 Supplemental Appropriations Act of 1987, 285 T Tampering with specimens, 182-183, 195 Temperance movements, 15- 16 Temporal sequence, 280-281 Testing procedures and results, 24n, 178-195 accuracy and reliability, 7-8, 179, 192- 195, 207-208, 281 costs, 24n, 231-232 as epidemiological data source, 49, 50-51, 73-81 false positives, 9, 185, 192, 193-194, 195, 208-209, 298 GC/MS technology, 9, 179, 184, 185- 186, 209

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From page 320...

... See also Employee assistance programs (EAPs) Truck drivers, 19, 94-95, 116, 145, 148 Turnover, 152- 154, 220-221 U Unemployment, 4, 5, 58, 61, 98, 99 Unionized industries, 294-295 Urine testing, 4, 8, 9, 10, 50-51, 98, 180, 181, 208 accuracy, 8, 10, 207, 210 limitations and contraindications, 80, 177, 191, 193-195, 281 privacy issues, 234, 288, 293, 299 specimen collection, 9, 181- 183, 208, 285, 293 U.S.

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From page 321...

... INDEX Workplace intervention programs, 3, 5, 99, see also Employee assistance programs (EAPs) ; Health promotion and wellness programs; Testing programs and policies Worldwide Surveys of Substance Abuse and Health Behaviors Among Military Personnel (MWS)

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