Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants (1992) / Chapter Skim
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'SOURCES OF SPACE-STATION CONTAMINANTS'
'SOURCES OF SPACE-STATION CONTAMINANTS'
Pages 23-40
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From page 23... ...
The heat produced by equipment operation increases off-gassing. Minor sources of contaminants in the spacecraft include internal decomposition of hydraulic fluids, electrical equipment, plastics, oil, leakage from environmental or flight control systems, volatile food components, volatile components of personal hygiene articles, and reaction products from the environmental control and life-support system (ECLSS)
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From page 34... ...
Due to the highly toxic nature of this gas, the potential hazard associated with such exposure in the spacecraft environment is a cause for significant concern. The principal sources of contaminants from metabolic waste products of humans are urine, feces, flatus, and expired air.
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From page 35... ...
Although the investigators raised the possibility that these amounts of hydrogen and methane "could constitute a fire hazard in a closed chamber," it seems unlikely that, in the sizeable space planned for the space station and with functional environmental controls, concentrations of these compounds would be high enough for risk of explosion. The malodorous compounds in flatus are indole, skatole, mercaptans, ammonia, and hydrogen sulf ide.
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From page 36... ...
Sweating was minimal, as would be expected because most astronaut activities, although they require good neuromuscular coordination, need little physical exertion except during extravehicular operations. Since mineral and other losses from the skin increase into the significant range only with active sweating, the possibility of contamination from metabolic losses from the skin will be reduced by minimizing the likelihood of sweating, presumably by suitable temperature control and by moderation in physical activity.
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From page 37... ...
Crews from several space-shuttle flights have reported eye and respiratory tract irritation associated with the presence of airborne particles and floating debris in the shuttle cabin. The debris included paint chips, metal shavings, food particles, and fibrous materials, including fibers from clothing, paper wipes, and fiberglass.
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From page 38... ...
Events leading to such releases include leaks, spills, failure of storage vessels, and overheating of components. Contaminants that may be released from category 2 sources include all gases and liquids normally kept on the space station and the thermal and chemical breakdown products of solid materials (for example, electrical insulation)
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From page 39... ...
Unlike category 2, it is not possible to foresee with any certainty the contaminants that may be released from these sources or the magnitude of release before space-station design and launch because many experiments will be performed over the space station's lifetime. Novel compounds may be released in the space station (e.g., new alloys or crystals during water recycling)
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