Overcoming Barriers to Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (2015) / Chapter Skim
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5 Charging Infrastructure for Plug-in Electric Vehicles
5 Charging Infrastructure for Plug-in Electric Vehicles
Pages 82-97
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From page 82... ...
The public charging stations might nounced a plan to add battery-swap technology at its network also require technology to monitor usage and bill customers. of fast-charging stations (Vance 2013)
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From page 83... ...
Even the FIGURE 5-1 PEV charging infrastructure categories, ranked by their likely importance to PEV deployment, with the most important, home charging, on the bottom, and the least important, interstate DC fast charging, at the top. NOTE: AC, alternating current; DC, direct current.
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From page 84... ...
households have dedicated Home charging is a paradigm shift in refueling behavior off-street parking, many households have multiple vehicles, for drivers accustomed to refueling quickly at gasoline sta- and under base-case assumptions, only 56 percent of vehitions. Many find home charging more convenient than refu- cles have dedicated off-street parking, and only 47 percent eling at public stations.
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From page 85... ...
NOTE: AC, alternating current; BEV, battery electric vehicle; DC, direct current; eVMT, electric vehicle miles traveled; NA, not applicable; PEV, plug-in electric vehicle; PHEV, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. intend to meet their charging needs predominantly through charging, only 27 percent of multifamily dwellings had parkslow charging at home.
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From page 86... ...
. public charging; however, it should be noted that installing Lack of home charging at multifamily complexes or in workplace or public charging was substantially less cost effecneighborhoods with on-street parking is a barrier to deploy- tive than improving the all-electric range of a vehicle.
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From page 87... ...
In assessing the reasons for offering workplace charging, some employers anticipate Finding: Workplace charging could be an alternative to that concerns about carbon emissions from commuting will home charging for those who do not have access to charging eventually generate much stronger pressures for workplace infrastructure at home. charging and are attempting to move expeditiously by expanding their network of charging stations now (Ahmed Finding: Charging at workplaces provides an important op2013)
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From page 88... ...
Interestingly, no additional energy consumption from with an 80-mile limited-range BEV, 71.2 percent of the total the public charger was observed after building the second miles driven and 95 percent of trips could be completed with charger, but drivers allowed their state of charge to go below no public charging required. Optimal placement of 200 DC 50 percent, a sign that their fear of running out of charge had fast chargers in the state would allow those drivers to complete been alleviated (Anegawa 2010)
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From page 89... ...
It can be costly to tions. Siting of public charging stations is driven by a variety install and maintain, and its effect on deployment and eVMT of motivations, and the stations are operated by both pubremains unclear, although it enables PEV drivers to extend the lic and for-profit entities.
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From page 90... ...
In April 2014, Nissan began offering new To understand how best to overcome any infrastructure Leaf buyers in several markets free public charging through barriers to PEV deployment, one must consider the installaa special card that allows using several charging providers. tion and operating costs for the different categories of chargRange-extended and minimal PHEVs are unable to use DC ing infrastructure, the possible deployment models, and who fast-charging infrastructure, so this segment of infrastructure might have an incentive to build such infrastructure.
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From page 91... ...
Some parking lots might already have AC level 1 outlets that can be repurposed Home Charging for vehicle charging; however, more convenient or upgraded infrastructure might also be installed. Another entity that Private charging infrastructure at home is likely to be might have an interest in installing workplace charging is a funded by the homeowner.
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From page 92... ...
The costs of building charging infrastructure at retail establish Public Charging Infrastructure ments range widely but are probably similar to workplaces and related to the amount of conduit required to provide As discussed above, charging infrastructure generally electric access at parking spots. It is not clear that the extra becomes more complicated and more costly to build and money spent in retail establishments by customers who use operate as it becomes more publicly accessible and delivers the charging stations is sufficient to provide retailers with faster charging.
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From page 93... ...
These charging stations from that pool in proportion to the amounts that the differ- are a mix of AC level 2 and DC fast chargers and are located ent utilities contributed to investments in public charging both between and within cities. The companies have been
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From page 94... ...
To ensure that charging infrastructure nomics of providing public charging stations using a business developers have an incentive to site chargers so that they model that collects monthly subscription fees and also charges will be well used, government infrastructure funding should customers for charging time. The calculation suggests that it comprise only a portion of the funding for a charging station might be difficult for charging providers to survive unless and should not go toward stations that would be deployed their capital costs are at least partially subsidized by public without government funding.
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From page 95... ...
2013. Electric Vehicles and from additional direct investment in the installation of pub- Public Charging Infrastructure: Impediments and Opporlic charging infrastructure pending an evaluation of the rela- tunities for Success in the United States.
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From page 96... ...
2013. Plug-In Electric hicles: Learning from Statewide Travel Surveys." Working Vehicle Handbook for Workplace Charging Hosts.
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From page 97... ...
2014. "Electric Vehicle Charging vey for the United States, Table C-01-AH." http://www.
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