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From page 341... ... Index A imputation in, 26-27, 245, 261, 266, 270, 273 Address lists and internal consistency of census checking programs and, 194-195; see figures, 26-27, 107, 259-262 also Advance Post Office Check; and iterative proportional fitting, 84, 85, Casing and Time of Delivery 102-103, 261, 268, 269-270 Checks; Post-Enumeration Post and loss functions, 25-26, 249-255, 257 Office Check; Precanvass; Prelist; 259, 272-273, 277-278 Update list/leave enumeration and modification of estimates within one procedure program, 267-268 development of, for 1980 census, 78-80 need for, 25, 245-248 Adjustment of census figures, 24-28, procedures for, 25, 264-271 245-281 protection against extreme adjustments, and carrying down to small areas, 26, 256-257, 270-271 27, 28, 102, 256, 261, 266, 268- recommendations for, 25, 26-28, 247 271, 273, 275-276 248, 251, 255, 259, 262, 263-264, and combining estimates from different 274, 276 programs, 266 regression techniques in, 243, 267-268, and error estimates, 9, 24-28, 44, 246, 270-271, 273, 275, 280 257-258 research and testing of plans for, 16, 27, factors affecting, 25-26, 249-251 45, 77, 93, 253-255, 271-276 fast matching algorithms in, 291-292 synthetic estimation in, 25, 45, 58, 59, and fund allocations, 8, 12, 14, 17, 25, 103, 107, 254-255, 257, 258, 268 32, 38, 41, 43, 44-45, 57-60, 248- 269, 270-271, 273, 275, 281 250, 294 time constraints in, 48, 137, 262-264, 306 hierarchical Bayesian method in, 256- and use of domains, 267-268, 270, 275 257, 267-268, 279-280 weighting in, 247, 251-252, 253, 261, and impact of census errors, 25, 28, 43, 265-266, 267-268, 269, 271, 278, 44, 46, 48, 57-60 279-280 341 Read the entire page →
From page 342... ... 342 INDEX Administrative records, 9, 13, 132-136, Assumption of independence, in dual 144-148, 283 system estimation, 121-122, 134, for content collection and improvement, 138, 141, 146, 148, 302, 304-306 35, 91-92, 93-94, 216, 232-235 Australia, census procedures in, 88 from driver's license records, 9, 83, 116, Automation technologies, 134, 151, 224, 144, 175-176, 287 306, 307-308 effectiveness of, 35-36, 149-150, and computer editing of census data, 194-195 84-85 for hard-to-count groups, 92, 287-288 testing of, 91-92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 178, for housing items, 16, 24, 35-36, 90, 98, 195 234-235, 242-243 from Immigration and Naturalization Service records, 113, 175-176, B 287, 314 Basic counts for small areas, 34-38 from Internal Revenue Service records, uses of, 17, 34-38 35, 91, 132-133, 144, 287 Bayesian hierarchical method, in matched to census data, 9, 10, 19, 83, adjustments, 256-257, 267-268, 107, 108, 116, 132-136, 144-148, 279-280 149-150, 287-288 Benchmarking, and combining information from Medicare records, 35, 107, 116, from different programs, 36, 220 132, 144 221, 266, 286, 295, 296 in New York City case, 83, 134-136, Bias 146, 175-176 and error estimates, 257, 258, 259, 273, in Nonhousehold Sources Program, 83, 292 172, 175-176, 177, 178, 194-195, See also Correlation bias; Dual-system 223 estimation; Independence, recommendations for, 24, 233-234 assumption of research plans for, 24, 91-92, 287-288 Birth registration records, 142, 186, 187, for small areas, 35 290, 294 from Social Security records, 35, 91, completeness of, 117, 118-119, 120, 112, 144 121, 130, 132, 142, 293 in test program for 1990, 178 Black population; see Race, coverage errors from welfare records, 83, 175-176 in and estimates of; Race and Advance Post Office Check ethnicity questions in census of 1970, 165, 166, 169, 174 Blocking, and matching process, 150-151, in census of 1980, 80, 171-174 275, 301, 303 in test program for 1990, 178 Business planning uses See also Address lists of basic counts for small areas, 37 Age category, undercounts in, 8, 45, 112, of characteristics data in, 39-40 118, 119-120, 156, 157, 161-163, 199, 202, 209-210, 245, 261, 266, 275, 293-294, 316 Aliens; see Immigrants C American Housing Survey, 35, 74 Canada, 7-8 American Statistical Association, 5, 11 census procedures in, 88, 128 review of 1980 census coverage plans, reverse record checks in, 29, 108, 112, 12-13 114-115, 140, 159, 265, 283-284, Apportionment of congressional seats; see 291, 295 Reapportionment tracing methods in, 140, 288, 296 Area samples, in post-enumeration surveys, Capture-recapture methodology; see Dual 109-110, 111-112 system estimation Read the entire page →
From page 343... ... INDEX 343 Casing and Time of Delivery Checks coverage improvement in census of 1970, 165-168, 169 programs in, 83-84, 87, 164-170, in census of 1980, 80, 172, 174 174, 226, 227 in test program for 1990, 178 cost and effectiveness of, 98, 137, Casual Count 166, 168-169, 171, 175, 176, 227 operation in 1980, 83, 172, 175, 176 demographic analysis in, 117-118, 120 in test program for 1990, 98, 178, 195 121, 155, 161-163, 212, 284, 294 See also Missed persons campaign in gross omissions in, 116, 213-214 1970 gross overenumerations in, 212 Census of 1920, race and ethnicity housing coverage in, 83, 106, 164, 169 questions in, 181 170, 174, 187-189, 213-214, 226 Census of 1930, 118 matched to Current Population Survey, race and ethnicity questions in, 181 108, 115-116, 209, 212 Census of 1940 race and ethnicity questions in, 180, demographic analysis in, 109, 118-119 181, 182, 185, 187 race and ethnicity questions in, 181, 182 record check studies in, 116 sampling for content in, 215, 227 sampling for content in, 194, 227, 228, Census of 1950, 86 230-231 coverage evaluation in, 109-111 undercounts in, 8, 48, 59, 121, 154, demographic analysis in, 118-119, 155 155, 161-163, 209, 226, 284, 294, housing coverage in, 163-164, 212 305 overenumerations in, 212 Census of 1980 and post-enumeration surveys, 86, 109- address list development in, 78-80 111, 115, 161, 163-164, 204-209, coverage improvement 212 programs in, 82-84, 171-177, race and ethnicity questions in, 181 188-189 sampling for content in, 228 cost and effectiveness of, 176-177, undercounts in, 112, 154, 155, 161, 189 163-165, 203-209 data processing in, 84-85 Census of 1960, 86-87 demographic analysis in, 85, 129-132, coverage evaluation in, 111-116 142, 155-160, 157, 284 demographic analysis in, 119-120, 155, enumeration in, 80-81 161-163 follow-up in, 81-82, 225 housing coverage in, 213-214 and formation of 12 estimates of matched to Current Population Survey, undercoverage, 126-129 204-205 hard-to-count groups in, 154-161 overenumerations in, 212 housing coverage in, 78-79, 213, 214 and post-enumeration surveys, 111-112, matched to Current Population Survey, 212, 204-209 108, 123-128, 197, 198, 202 race and ethnicity questions in, 181 matching with Internal Revenue Service record check studies in, 112 records, 78-86, 160-161, 202-203 reverse record check in, 112-114 methodology in, 77-86 sampling for content in, 228 overenumerations in, 154, 210-212 undercounts in, 154, 155, 161-163, 164- and Post-Enumeration Program, 85-86, 165, 204-209 108, 121-129, 197-198; see also Census of 1970, 79, 80, 102 Post-Enumeration Program in coverage evaluation in, 106, 107, 108, census of 1980 115-116, 117-118, 120-121, 137, and protest by New York City, 108-109, 284 134-136, 146 race and ethnicity questions in, 181, 182 Read the entire page →
From page 344... ... 344 INDEX recommendation for review of data in Conventional enumeration, 79, 81, 82-83, 1990 census planning, 18, 99 87, 88-89, 93, 159, 160, 168, 170, sampling for content in, 228 174, 175, 178-179, 199, 201, 211 undercount in, 154, 156-161, 197-203 212, 213, 214, 280 Census of 1990 See also Post-Enumeration Post Office administrative records in, 178 Check automation technologies in, 307-308 Cooperation with census programs, 83-84, demographic analysis in, 266, 284, 165, 171, 220, 250, 300 293-295 pre-enumeration survey affecting, 307 evaluation programs for, 283-317 Correlation bias, 111, 122, 146 and Post-Enumeration Program, 297-308 See also Dual-system estimation; and pre-enumeration survey, 306-307 Independence, assumption of reverse record check in, 295-297 Costs time factors in, 306 of census of 1980, 7, 176-177, 189 and variance estimation in matching of coverage evaluations, 137 process, 308 of coverage improvement programs, 15, Central cities, undercounts in; see Urban 19-20, 166-169, 171-176, 194 areas and efficacy of programs, 15, 168-169, Characteristics data 171, 174-177, 189 for comparative studies, 39-41 programs for reduction of, 9, 15, 153, restrictions on, 40-41 221-226, 236-238, 240 for small areas and subgroups, 38-42 sampling affecting, 7, 9, 13, 15-16, 153, Compact area cluster samples, in post- 170, 175, 217, 218-219, 221-226, enumeration surveys, 95, 289-290, 236-238 299 of systematic observation, 317 Comparative studies County data and estimates, errors in, 61-62 analysis of data across time periods, 42 See also Adjustment of census figures; characteristics data in, 39-41 Small-area data and estimates Composite list formation, 108, 133-134, Coverage 141, 283, 287 errors in, 105-106; see also Errors in New York City case, 134-136, 146 evaluation of, 105-152; see also Comprehensive Employment and Training Evaluation programs Act, fund allocations for, 60 improvement measures for; see Computer use; see Automation technologies Improvement programs Congressional representation, and need for and need for mid-decade census, 14, 17, census data; see Reapportionment 42 Consistency of data, adjustments affecting, review of problems in, 11-14 26-27, 107, 259-262 and role of estimation, 9-10 Content items, 94, 98 in sample census, 220-221 accuracy improvement with See also Overcount; Undercount administrative records, 35, 91-92, Coverage Questions and Dependent Roster 93-94, 153, 216, 232-235 Check, 82, 172-173, 175, 178 decisions for inclusion of, 41-42, 180- Criticisms of censuses, 5 193, 228-229, 230-231 Cross-product ratio, 146 errors in, 41, 44-45, 105, 106, 107, 108, See also Correlation bias; DuaI-system 109, 117, 153, 233-234 estimation; Independence, problems with, 16, 185, 233-234 assumption of sampling for, 91, 110, 115-116, 194, Cross-tabulation of data, and confidentiality 215-216, 217-218, 227-235 considerations, 39, 41, 84 Curbstoning, 105-106, 124, 159, 299 Read the entire page →
From page 345... ... INDEX 345 Current Population Survey, 35 E matching to 1960 census, 204-205 matching to 1970 census, 108, 115-116, E Sample; see Evaluation programs 209, 212 Education programs, fund allocations for, matching to 1980 census, 108, 123-128, 33, 39, 51-52, 67-68 197, 198, 202 Educational status, and gross omission use for 1990 census, 306-307 rates, 205-206, 207 Emigration, estimates of, 114, 117, 121, 131, 142, 293, 294, 295, 296 D Employment, 60 equal opportunity programs for, and Data processing, for census of 1980, 84-85 state uses of census data, 43, 66 See also Imputation; Iterative 67, 69, 74-75, 263 proportional fitting fund allocations for, 52, 171 Death registration records, 117, 119, 130, Employment status, and gross omission 186, 187, 193 rates, 163, 206, 208, 209 completeness of, 29, 42, 131, 142, 294 Enumeration process, in census of 1980, Demographic analysis, 29-30, 107, 117-121 80-81 in census of 1950, 118-119, 155 Errors in census of 1960, 119-120, 155, and adjustment of counts, 9, 10, 24-28, 161-163 44, 246, 257-258 in census of 1970, 117-118, 120-121, in census of 1980, 8, 38, 46, 47, 48-49, 155, 161-163, 212, 284, 294 61 in census of 1980, 85, 129-132, 142, in content, 41, 44-45, 105, 106, 107, 155-160, 157, 284 108, 109, 117, 153, 233-234 components of, 139, 142 in county population estimates for 1980, and estimates of net undercount, 112, 61-62 114, 116, 118, 120, 121, 154, 155, in coverage, 19, 25, 38, 44, 45-47, 48, 156, 157, 161-163, 186, 212, 284 57, 60, 65-66, 105-106, 110-111, plans for 1990 census, 266, 284, 293-295 117, 119; see also Overcount; of population over age 65, 131 Undercount of population under age 65, 130-131 criticisms of, 5 prior to 1950, 118 estimations of, 26, 107, 119, 124, problem areas in, 10, 114, 117, 131- 257-259 132, 156, 161, 163, 265, 284, 294 and evaluation of coverage, 105-152; see See also Immigrants; Medicare data also Evaluation programs Denmark, census procedures in, 90-91 factors in, 19 Differential coverage errors; see Errors; in hard-to-count groups, 21, 67 Overcount; Undercount impact of, 8, 14, 17, 25, 38, 43-60, 65Direct estimate coverage 66, 67 estimation programs, 106-107, 138, in income reporting, 41, 58-59, 67, 233 139-141, 296, 313-314 and profiles for coverage evaluation Driver's license records; see Administrative methods, 136-137, 138-143 records in sampling, 216-217 Dual-system estimation, 116, 121-129, 132, in subcounty population estimates for 141, 144-146, 298, 299 1980, 61, 62, 63 and inclusion probabilities, 145, 304-305 Estimation stratification in, 122-123, 146, 302-305 of census errors, 26, 257-259 See also Correlation bias; Independence, compared with coverage improvement, assumption of 9-10 Duplications in the census; see Overcount dual-system; see Dual-system estimation Read the entire page →
From page 346... ... 346 INDEX errors affecting, 60-64 recommendations for 1990 census, 28 multiple list methods in, 132-134, 144-148 30, 283-317 synthetic, 25, 45, 58, 59, 103, 107, 254- assessment of methods in, 283-285 255, 257, 258, 268-269, 270-271, and balancing of undercount with 273, 275, 281 overcount, 302-304 triple-system, 287, 305 demographic analysis in, 293-295 Ethnicity; see Race and ethnicity questions and improvements in PostEvaluation programs, 10, 105-152 Enumeration Program, 299-308 administrative records used in, 132-136, and inclusion probabilities for two 283 lists, 304-306 in census of 1950, 109-111 level of nonresponses in, 299-300 in census of 1960, 111-116 percentage of unresolved matches in, in census of 1970, 106, 107, 108, 115- 308 116, 117-118, 120-121, 137, 284 and position paper by Wolter, 272 composite list formation, 108, 132-134, 273, 289-283 146 pretest plans in, 285-293 cost of, 137 reverse record check in, 295-297 criteria for, 25 resident observation in, 310 Current Population Survey samples in; systematic observation in, 310-312 see Current Population Survey time factors in, 306-308 demographic analysis in, 118-121, 284 and variance estimation in matching direct estimates in, 139-141 process for, 308 E sample in, 107, 108, 121, 123, 124, record check studies in; see 125, 126, 127, 141, 210, 212, 214, Administrative records 298, 299, 302-303 research on, 16 error profile for methods in, 136-137, reverse record checks in; see Reverse 138-143 record checks and formation of 12 estimates of timing considerations in, 137, 306-308 undercoverage in 1980, 126-129 and independent estimates for population groups, 116-117 F macro-level methods in, 19, 107, 109 Focus group method prior to 1980, 116-121 for development of coverage megalist method, 108, 134 improvement procedures, 22, 190, methods of, 107-109 195-196, 312 micro-level methods in, 19, 107-108, for development of questions, 20, 98, 109-116, 137 185-186 multilist methods, 133-134, 147-148 Follow-on survey considered for 1990 multiple list estimation methods in, 132 census, 16, 23, 94, 216, 229-230 134, 144-152 one-form census with, 231 need for, 13 Follow-up procedures, 94, 82-84 P sample in, 107-108, 109, 121, 123 in census of 1980, 81-82, 225 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 139-140, sampling in, 15-16, 22-23, 221-225, 141, 197, 199, 298, 299, 300, 301-302 302-303 telephone use in, 2-3, 22-23, 81, 94, 225 and Post-Enumeration Program in census Forward Trace Study, 30, 140, 288, 290, of 1980, 85-86, 108, 121-129, 296-297 197-198 See also Reverse record checks post-enumeration surveys in, 28-30, 108; Fractional matching, 301-302 see also Post-enumeration surveys France, census procedures in, 88-89 prior to 1980, 109-121 Read the entire page →
From page 347... ... INDEX 347 Fund allocations and procedures to improve coverage, 21, and adjustments for income and 29, 83-84, 153, 165, 171, 190 population, 8, 12, 14, 17, 25, 32, 192, 203, 215 41, 43, 44-45, 57-60, 248-250, 294 proposals for, 21, 191-192, 195, 231 characteristics data in, 38 research on, 92, 94, 179, 287-288 for education, 33, 39, 51-52, 67-68 Health Interview Survey, 35, 36, 120, 209 for employment and training, 52, 171 Hierarchical Bayesian method in errors in count affecting, 38, 49-60 adjustments, 256-257, 267-268, formula-based programs in, 49-60 279-280 for housing, 53-54 Hispanics; see Race, coverage errors in and and income reporting errors, 41, 58-59, estimates of; Race and ethnicity 67, 233 questions loss functions affecting, 248-250, Historical aspects of censuses, 1-2 253-254 in centennial census of 1890, 2, 3 and need for census data, 6, 12, 33, 36, and criticisms of data, 5 66 in first census of 1790, 2, 109 for public assistance, 54 review from 1950 to 1980, 17-18 for recreation, 54 and uses of data, 33 for revenue sharing, 53 Hot-deck imputation, sequential; see for social services, 54-55 Imputation for transportation, 56 Household coverage, 165, 183 in census of 1970, 83, 106, 164, 169 170, 174, 187-189, 213-214, 226 G in census of 1980, 78-79, 213, 214 and children living elsewhere, 21, 96, Geocoding, 48, 94, 124, 126, 298, 299, 108, 189, 191, 192 300, 303 gross omission rates in, 212-214 avoidance of, 140, 301 and mail delivery problems in multiunit Geographic regions structures, 94, 159, 179, 195 gross omissions in, 208-209 in program for 1990, 178 and housing coverage omissions, 213 resident observer studies in, 163, 183, Germany, census procedures in, 89 209-210, 310 Government planning uses of characteristics Household relationships data, 39 and gross omissions, 205, 207 Government uses for census data, 6-7 and gross overenumerations, 210-211 by federal government, 51-56, 67 Housing, fund allocations for, 53-54 by local governments, 68-69 Housing structure data by states, 66-68 and data from administrative records, Grant programs, data needed for, 36 16, 24, 35-36, 90, 98, 234-235, See also Fund allocations 242-243 Great Britain, census procedures in, 88 recommendations for improvement in, Gross omissions; see Undercount 242-243 Gross overenumerations; see Overcount I H Immigrants, 40 Hard-to-count groups, 154-164, 207-208 illegal, estimates of, 29, 113, 114, 117, experience in 1980, 154-161, 171 122, 129-130, 131-132, 139, 142, experience from previous censuses, 161- 154, 155-156, 199, 264-265, 284, 163, 212 294, 296, 304, 313-316 focus groups in, 22, 185-186, 195, 196 Read the entire page →
From page 348... ... 348 INDEX legal, records of, 29, 108, 113, 117, Independence, assumption of, 121-122, 130-131, 293 134, 138, 141, 146, 148, 302, Improvement programs, 19-22, 93-94, 304-306 153-214 See also Correlation bias; Dual-system for accuracy of count, 24 estimation in census of 1970, 83-84, 87, 164-170, Independent estimates for population 174, 226, 227 groups, 116-117 costs and effectiveness of, 98, 137, Independent observers, use of, 29 166, 168-169, 171, 175, 176, 227 See also Systematic observation in census of 1980, 82-84, 171-177, Independent surveys, 289, 290, 303 188-189 matched to census data, 108 costs and effectiveness of, 176-177, Indian reservations, coverage of, 93 189 Infant Enumeration Study, 119 for children not part of household, 189, Internal Revenue Service records, 35-36 191, 192 matching with census of 1980, 78-86, costs of, 15, 19-20, 166-169, 171-176, 160-161, 202-203 194 Iterative proportional fitting, 84, 85, 102 for hard-to-count groups, 21, 29, 83-84, 103, 268, 269-270 153, 165, 171, 190-192, 203, 215 and consistency of data, 261 for household roster, 21, 82, 175, 178, See also Adjustment of census figures 187-188, 189, 190, 194 for movers or groups with second homes, 111, 127-128, 168, 170, J 189, 217 Jersey City, census pretest in, 92, 96 need for, 13 and needed research on undercount and overcount, 21, 179-180 priorities for research and testing in, K 193-194 "K" parameter; see Correlation bias; Dual proposals for, 9-11 system estimation; Independence, race and ethnicity information in, 180-187 assumption of recommendations for 1990, 177-179, 193-196 and resident observer studies, 209-210 L sampling in, 225-227 recommendations for 1990, 226 Legal aspects Imputation of data for reapportionment and and adjustments, 26-27, 245, 261, 266, redistricting, 27, 36 270, 273 of deadlines for census data, 27, 262 multiple, 101 of mid-decade census, 49 sequential hot-deck, 18-19, 84-85, 100- of race and ethnicity questions, 180 101, 136 of sampling, 218 Inclusion probabilities for two lists, 304-306 List samples, in post-enumeration surveys, Income 95, 109-110, 111-112 and fund allocations, 31, 41, 44-45, 51, Local agency uses of census data, 68-69 53, 54, 57-60, 67, 219, 228, 233, Local area data and estimates; see Small 248-250, 294 area data and estimates and gross omission rates, 202-204, 206- Local lists, use of, 108-109, 141 208, 209 Local review of preliminary data for 1980, reporting errors, 24, 41, 43, 58-59, 67, 83, 93-94, 108-109, 172, 174-175, 233 176, 178 Read the entire page →
From page 349... ... INDEX 349 Long-form/short-form questionnaires, Megalist method, 108, 134 228-229 Merging of lists; see Composite list alternatives to, 230-231 formation experience with short form, 16, 21, 228 Methodology related data in, 84-85, 102-103 in Australia, 88 Loss functions, and adjustment procedures, balance of procedures in, 14-15 25-26, 249-255, 257-259, 272- in Canada, 88, 128 273, 277-278 in census of 1950, 86 relative squared error in, 252 in census of 1960, 86-87 squared relative error in, 252 in census of 1970, 87 in census of 1980, 77-86 in coverage evaluation, 107-109 M in coverage improvement, 153-214 in Denmark, 90-91 Macro-level coverage evaluation, 19, 107, in France, 88-89 109, 116-121 in Germany, 89 Mail delivery problems, in multiunit in Great Britain, 88 structures, 94, 159, 179, 195 independent reviews of, 11-14 Mail nonreturn rates, 159, 200-202 in Netherlands, 89 Mailing lists, use of, 4, 78-79, 80, 174, 176 and plans for 1990, 9-11 Mailout-mailback enumeration, 3, 80, 178 and review of pretest plans, 96-99 coverage errors in, 160, 199-200, 214 in Sweden, 89-90 use in 1970, 87, 165-167 Micro-level coverage evaluation, 19, 107 use in 1980, 78, 80-81, 173-174 108, 109-116, 137 Maryland, fund allocations in, 58-59, 60 Mid-decade census Matching, 141 advantages of, 63-64 of administrative records to census data, legal aspects of, 49 9, 10, 19, 83, 107, 108, 116, 132- need for, 14, 17, 42 136, 144-148, 149-150, 287-288 Missed persons campaign in 1970, 166, automated procedures in, 149, 307-308 168, 175 blocking used in, 150-151, 275, 301, See also Casual Count 303 Movers, 189 of Current Population Survey to census checked in 1970, 168, 177 records; see Current Population effectiveness of, 170 Survey proposed coverage of, 189-190 fractional, 301-302 Multilist methods, 133-134, 147-148 general algorithm of, 150 Multiple list estimation methods, 132-134, of independent surveys to census data, 144-148 108 composite lists in, 108, 133-134, 146-147 mathematical model for, 151-152, 301 covariate information in, 148 operational difficulties of, 149-150 dual system; see Dual-system estimation three-way match with Census/CPS/IRS, hazards of, 148 292 multilists in, 147-148 variable selection in, 151 Multiplicity surveys, 108, 190, 192-193, variance estimation in, 308 195, 295 Medicare data, 131 for demographic estimates of elderly population, 117, 120, 131, 137 N for estimates of elderly population, 108, 120, 121, 130, 132, 142, 293 National Center for Health Statistics, 20 matched to 1970 census records, 116 21, 73, 187 Read the entire page →
From page 350... ... 350 INDEX National Content Test of 1976, 185 P planned for 1986, 98 National Research Council Advisory P Sample; see Evaluation programs Committee on Problems of Census Participant observer studies; see Resident Enumeration, 11-12, 309 observer studies; Systematic National Research Council Panel on observation Decennial Census Plans, 12 Planning cycle for 1990 census, 3-5, 97-98, National Vacancy Check of 1970, 87, 106, 99 116, 166-167, 168, 170, 177, 226 Postal Service checking of address lists effectiveness of, 169 in census of 1970, 106, 116, 166, 226 See also Vacant/Delete Check effectiveness of, 170 Native-American enumeration techniques, in census of 1980, 174 93, 184 Postcensal estimates, errors affecting, 60-64 Net coverage errors; see Overcount; Post-Enumeration Post Office Check Undercount in 1970, 87, 106, 116, 166, 168, 170, Netherlands, census procedures in, 89 213, 226 Network coverage improvement questions, in 1980, 83, 172, 174, 178-179 108, 190-191 Post-Enumeration Program in census of New Jersey 1980, 85-86, 108, 121-129 census data use in, 60, 70-75 blocking in, 150-151 fund allocations in, 58-59, 74-75 cost of, 137 Jersey City census pretest, 92, 96 E sample in, 108, 124, 299 New York City gross omissions in, 156-159, 197-198 administrative records used in 1980, 83, gross overenumerations in, 159-160, 134-136, 146, 175-176 210-212 protest of 1980 census, 108-109, 134- matching with Current Population 136, 146 Survey, 108, 123-128, 197, 198, Nonhousehold Sources Program; see 202, 298 Administrative records P sample in, 108, 123-124, 298-299 Nonresponses possible improvements in, 299-308 reduction in, 30, 299-300 problem areas in, 264-265 and unresolved matches, 30, 126, 127, procedures in, 298-299 139-140 and state population estimates, 46-47 Post-Enumeration Program planned for 1990, 297-308 O Post-enumeration surveys, 28-30, 108 in census of 1950, 86, 109-111, 115, Oakland pretest in 1977, 108, 190-191 161, 163-164, 204-209, 212 Omissions of data; see Undercount in census of 1960, 111-112, 212, One-form census with follow-on survey, 204-209 231 pretest in 1985, 285-286 Overcount, 210-212 problems with, 28, 291 balancing with undercount, 141, See also Area samples, in post 302-304 enumeration surveys; Compact in census of 1980, 8, 154, 210-212 area cluster samples, in post findings from earlier censuses, 212 enumeration surveys; List samples, findings from Post-Enumeration Program in post-enumeration surveys; Pre of 1980, 160, 212 enumeration surveys research needed on, 179-180 Precanvass sources of, 124 in census of 1970, 165, 166-167, 168, 169, 170 Read the entire page →
From page 351... ... INDEX 351 in census of 1980, 80, 171-174, 176 R in test program for 1990, 178 Pre-enumeration surveys, 28, 29, 93, 85, Race, coverage errors in and estimates of, 202, 272, 306-307 8, 45-46, 57, 59, 60, 110, 118Preferred estimates of undercounts, 119, 121, 131-132, 154-164, 197-203, 120, 129 207, 208-209 Prelist Race and ethnicity questions, 180-187 enumeration areas in 1970, 165, 168, in census of 1980, 182, 183 174 comparability of data from, 20-21, enumeration areas in 1980, 79, 80, 93, 186-187 214 considerations for 1990, 20, 180-181, recanvass in 1980, 83, 172, 174, 175, 182-185 177, 178 development of, 185-186 Pretests in earlier censuses, 2, 5, 181 in Oakland in 1977, 108, 190-191 and focus group methods, 185-186, plans for 1985, 4, 92, 96-99, 192-193, 195-196 224, 225, 285-286 and mail nonreturn rates, 159, 200-202 plans for 1986, 4, 21, 22, 28, 92, 93-95, and overenumeration rates, 160, 210-211 97-99, 177-179, 190, 191, 193, prescribed categories in, 181-182 196, 216, 221, 224, 225, 226, 230, problems with, 294 271-272, 274, 307 and undercount rates, 45-46, 155-157 plans for 1990, 92-93, 179, 194, 271- Raking ratio estimation, 103 272, 285-293, 310 See also Iterative proportional fitting in Tampa in 1985, 92, 96, 186, 285-286 Reapportionment Public assistance, fund allocations for, 54 deadlines for data in, 27, 36 Public cooperation with census, 83-84, 165, errors affecting, 8, 38, 42, 43-47 171, 220, 250, 300 loss functions affecting, 250, 253-254 pre-enumeration survey affecting, 307 and need for census data, 5-6, 8 Public planning uses Record checks of basic counts for small areas, 17, 36-37 administrative records in; see of census data in, 33 Administrative records Purposes or uses of census, 2, 6-7, 17, 31-75 reverse; see Reverse record checks and basic counts for small areas, 17, Record linkage for automated matching, 34-38 91-92, 151-152 and changes in time periods, 27, 42 Recreation, fund allocations for, 54 characteristics data in, 38-41 Redistricting distinguishing features of, 34-42 deadlines for data in, 27, 36 by federal government, 51-56 errors affecting, 47-49 historical uses in, 33 and state uses of census data, 66 and impact of errors, 43-64 Refusals for interviews, rate of, 125, 126, by local agencies, 68-69 225, 299-300 reassessment of, 37-38 Regions, undercounts in, 110, 158-159, by states, 65-68, 70-75 199-200, 208-209, 213-214 Regression techniques in adjustments, 243, 267-268, 270-271, 273, 275, 280 Q Representation in Congress and need for census data; see Reapportionment Questionnaire design and content, 40, 41, Research 94, 180-193, 227-233 on adjustments, 16, 27, 45, 77, 93, 253 See also Content items; Short-form/long- 255, 271-276 form questionnaires on coverage evaluation, 16 Read the entire page →
From page 352... ... 352 INDEX on coverage improvement programs, in follow-up studies, 13, 15-16, 22-23, 193-194 221-225, 301-302 on hard-to-count groups, 92, 94, 179, recommendations for, 22-23, 221, 224 287-288 225, 227 on impact of errors, 43-60 and reduction of respondent burden, on loss functions and adjustment, 253-255 217-218 plans for 1990, 18, 91-96 research on, 15, 91, 219, 224-225 priorities for 1986, 18, 96-99, 193-196 rolling samples in, 219, 221 on responses to content items, 233-234 and time required for field work, 217 and review of pretest plans, 97-99 for unresolved cases, 302 on sampling, 224-225 See also Post-enumeration surveys testing schedule in, 3-4, 95-96 Second-home groups, proposed coverage of, on undercount and overcount, 21, 179-180 189-190 Residence rules, 92 Sequential hot-deck imputation, 18-19, 84Resident observer studies, 163, 183, 209- 85, 100-101, 136 210, 310 Sex category, undercounts in, 8, 45, 112, See also Systematic observation 118, 119-120, 155-156, 157, 160, Revenue sharing, fund allocations for, 31, 161, 203, 206, 207, 208, 245, 266, 36, 41, 51, 53, 57-59, 60, 66, 107, 275, 294, 309, 316 219, 228, 233, 250, 251, 254, 273 Short-form/long-form questionnaires, Reverse record checks, 29, 108 228-229 in Canada, 108, 112, 114-115, 140, alternatives to, 230-231 159, 265, 283-284, 291, 295 experience with short form, 16, 21, 228 in census of 1960, 112-114 related data in, 84-85, 102-103 plans for 1990 census, 295-297 Small-area data and estimates problems with, 290-291 adjustment in, 26, 27, 28, 102, 256, Reviews of census plans by independent 261, 266, 268-271, 273, 275-276 sources, 11-14 administrative records in, 35 Rural areas basic counts for, 17, 34-38 enumeration procedures, 3, 83, 87, 92, characteristics data in, 38-42 93, 178, 267 comparison and ranking of, 36, 37, 39-41 gross omissions in, 110, 208-209, 213 sampling affecting, 35, 219-220, 221 housing coverage studies in, 192, 213, See also County data and estimates; 214 State data and estimates Social Security Administration records, 35, 91, 112, 144 S Social services, fund allocations for, 54-55 Socioeconomic research uses of Sampling procedures, 9, 13, 15-16, 22-24, characteristics data, 40 215-243 Standard metropolitan statistical areas, for census enumeration, 215-221 undercounts in; see Urban areas for content items, 91, 110, 115-116, State data and estimates, 8, 45-47, 61, 32, 194, 215-216, 217-218, 227-235 253-254, 262-263, 267, 268, 277 costs of, 7, 9, 13, 15-16, 153, 170, 175, 278, 284, 285, 294 217, 218-219, 221-226, 236-238 See also Adjustment of census figures; coverage deficiency in, 219-221 Small-area data and estimates for coverage improvement, 9, 13, 15-16, State government uses of census data, 65-68 225-227 and case study of data use in New Jersey, recommendations for 1990, 226, 230 60, 70-75 errors in, 216-217 for classification of local governments, feasibility of, 217, 224 65-66 Read the entire page →
From page 353... ... INDEX 353 for equal employment opportunity U programs, 43, 66-67, 69, 74-75, 263 Undercount for fund allocations, 66 balance with overcount, 141, 302-304 for implementation of federal programs, in census of 1980, 154, 156-161, 67 197-203 for planning purposes, 67-68 and coverage evaluation, 105-152; see for redistricting, 65 also Evaluation programs Stratification in dual-system estimation, findings from previous censuses, 8, 48, 122-123, 146, 302-305 59, 112, 121, 154, 155, 161-163, Subcounty population estimates for 1980, 164-165, 203-209, 226, 284, 294, errors in, 61, 62, 63 305 Subgroup characteristics data, 38-42 and fund allocations, 59-60 Subject items; see Content items gross omissions in, 197-210 Supplemental forms operation in 1970, in housing coverage studies, 212-214 166-167 and reapportionment, 45-47 effectiveness of, 168, 170 research needed on, 21, 179-180 Sweden, census procedures in, 89-90 sources of, 105-106, 125 Synthetic estimation, and adjustments, 25, and values assigned to missing responses, 45, 58, 59, 103, 107, 254-255, 18-19 257, 258, 268-269, 270-271, 273, Update list/leave enumeration procedure, 275, 281 81, 91, 94, 179, 195 Systematic observation, 310-312 Urban areas variance and cost estimates for, 317 housing coverage studies in, 213-214 undercounts in, 110, 139, 199-202, 208-209 T Uses for census data; see Purposes or uses of census Tampa pretest in 1985, 92, 96, 186, 285-286 Tape Address Register Enumeration Areas V in 1970, 165-169, 174 in 1980, 79, 80, 174, 178 Vacant/Delete Check Telephone follow-up procedures, 2-3, 22- in census of 1980, 82-83, 172-173, 174, 23, 81, 94, 225 223 Testing programs; see Pretests effectiveness of, 172-173, 174, 175, 177, Time-series character of census, 27, 42 226, 227 Timing considerations and recommended use of sampling, 23, in adjustments, 48, 137, 262-264, 306 177, 178, 194, 216, 226, 227, in automation, 307-308 239-240 in coverage evaluation, 137, 306-308 See also National Vacancy Check of in pre-enumeration surveys, 306-307 1970 in sampling, 217 Variance estimation, 258-259, 317 Tracing methods, in Forward Trace Study, in matching process, 308 30, 140, 288, 290, 296-297 Vital statistics records, 36 Transportation, fund allocations for, 56 birth registration, 117, 118-119, 120, Triple-system estimation, 287, 305 121, 130, 132, 142, 186, 187, 290, Two-stage enumeration procedure 293, 294 testing of, in 1985, 92, 96 death records, 29, 42, 117, 119, 130, use in 1960 census, 86 131, 142, 186, 187, 193, 294 race and ethnicity definitions in, 20-21, 186-187 Read the entire page →
From page 354... ... 354 INDEX W Weighting and adjustments, 247, 251-252, 253, 261, 265-266, 267-268, 269, 271, 278, 279-280 of long-form records, iterative proportional fitting in, 84, 102-103 Were You Counted program, 83, 168, 172 173, 176, 194 See also Supplemental forms operation in 1970 Whole Household Usual Home Elsewhere Program, 82, 176, 177, 178, 190 Wolter paper on coverage evaluation and adjustment, 95, 271-273, 276, 289-293, 300, 306 Read the entire page →

From page 341...

... Index A imputation in, 26-27, 245, 261, 266, 270, 273 Address lists and internal consistency of census checking programs and, 194-195; see figures, 26-27, 107, 259-262 also Advance Post Office Check; and iterative proportional fitting, 84, 85, Casing and Time of Delivery 102-103, 261, 268, 269-270 Checks; Post-Enumeration Post and loss functions, 25-26, 249-255, 257 Office Check; Precanvass; Prelist; 259, 272-273, 277-278 Update list/leave enumeration and modification of estimates within one procedure program, 267-268 development of, for 1980 census, 78-80 need for, 25, 245-248 Adjustment of census figures, 24-28, procedures for, 25, 264-271 245-281 protection against extreme adjustments, and carrying down to small areas, 26, 256-257, 270-271 27, 28, 102, 256, 261, 266, 268- recommendations for, 25, 26-28, 247 271, 273, 275-276 248, 251, 255, 259, 262, 263-264, and combining estimates from different 274, 276 programs, 266 regression techniques in, 243, 267-268, and error estimates, 9, 24-28, 44, 246, 270-271, 273, 275, 280 257-258 research and testing of plans for, 16, 27, factors affecting, 25-26, 249-251 45, 77, 93, 253-255, 271-276 fast matching algorithms in, 291-292 synthetic estimation in, 25, 45, 58, 59, and fund allocations, 8, 12, 14, 17, 25, 103, 107, 254-255, 257, 258, 268 32, 38, 41, 43, 44-45, 57-60, 248- 269, 270-271, 273, 275, 281 250, 294 time constraints in, 48, 137, 262-264, 306 hierarchical Bayesian method in, 256- and use of domains, 267-268, 270, 275 257, 267-268, 279-280 weighting in, 247, 251-252, 253, 261, and impact of census errors, 25, 28, 43, 265-266, 267-268, 269, 271, 278, 44, 46, 48, 57-60 279-280 341

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From page 342...

... 342 INDEX Administrative records, 9, 13, 132-136, Assumption of independence, in dual 144-148, 283 system estimation, 121-122, 134, for content collection and improvement, 138, 141, 146, 148, 302, 304-306 35, 91-92, 93-94, 216, 232-235 Australia, census procedures in, 88 from driver's license records, 9, 83, 116, Automation technologies, 134, 151, 224, 144, 175-176, 287 306, 307-308 effectiveness of, 35-36, 149-150, and computer editing of census data, 194-195 84-85 for hard-to-count groups, 92, 287-288 testing of, 91-92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 178, for housing items, 16, 24, 35-36, 90, 98, 195 234-235, 242-243 from Immigration and Naturalization Service records, 113, 175-176, B 287, 314 Basic counts for small areas, 34-38 from Internal Revenue Service records, uses of, 17, 34-38 35, 91, 132-133, 144, 287 Bayesian hierarchical method, in matched to census data, 9, 10, 19, 83, adjustments, 256-257, 267-268, 107, 108, 116, 132-136, 144-148, 279-280 149-150, 287-288 Benchmarking, and combining information from Medicare records, 35, 107, 116, from different programs, 36, 220 132, 144 221, 266, 286, 295, 296 in New York City case, 83, 134-136, Bias 146, 175-176 and error estimates, 257, 258, 259, 273, in Nonhousehold Sources Program, 83, 292 172, 175-176, 177, 178, 194-195, See also Correlation bias; Dual-system 223 estimation; Independence, recommendations for, 24, 233-234 assumption of research plans for, 24, 91-92, 287-288 Birth registration records, 142, 186, 187, for small areas, 35 290, 294 from Social Security records, 35, 91, completeness of, 117, 118-119, 120, 112, 144 121, 130, 132, 142, 293 in test program for 1990, 178 Black population; see Race, coverage errors from welfare records, 83, 175-176 in and estimates of; Race and Advance Post Office Check ethnicity questions in census of 1970, 165, 166, 169, 174 Blocking, and matching process, 150-151, in census of 1980, 80, 171-174 275, 301, 303 in test program for 1990, 178 Business planning uses See also Address lists of basic counts for small areas, 37 Age category, undercounts in, 8, 45, 112, of characteristics data in, 39-40 118, 119-120, 156, 157, 161-163, 199, 202, 209-210, 245, 261, 266, 275, 293-294, 316 Aliens; see Immigrants C American Housing Survey, 35, 74 Canada, 7-8 American Statistical Association, 5, 11 census procedures in, 88, 128 review of 1980 census coverage plans, reverse record checks in, 29, 108, 112, 12-13 114-115, 140, 159, 265, 283-284, Apportionment of congressional seats; see 291, 295 Reapportionment tracing methods in, 140, 288, 296 Area samples, in post-enumeration surveys, Capture-recapture methodology; see Dual 109-110, 111-112 system estimation

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From page 343...

... INDEX 343 Casing and Time of Delivery Checks coverage improvement in census of 1970, 165-168, 169 programs in, 83-84, 87, 164-170, in census of 1980, 80, 172, 174 174, 226, 227 in test program for 1990, 178 cost and effectiveness of, 98, 137, Casual Count 166, 168-169, 171, 175, 176, 227 operation in 1980, 83, 172, 175, 176 demographic analysis in, 117-118, 120 in test program for 1990, 98, 178, 195 121, 155, 161-163, 212, 284, 294 See also Missed persons campaign in gross omissions in, 116, 213-214 1970 gross overenumerations in, 212 Census of 1920, race and ethnicity housing coverage in, 83, 106, 164, 169 questions in, 181 170, 174, 187-189, 213-214, 226 Census of 1930, 118 matched to Current Population Survey, race and ethnicity questions in, 181 108, 115-116, 209, 212 Census of 1940 race and ethnicity questions in, 180, demographic analysis in, 109, 118-119 181, 182, 185, 187 race and ethnicity questions in, 181, 182 record check studies in, 116 sampling for content in, 215, 227 sampling for content in, 194, 227, 228, Census of 1950, 86 230-231 coverage evaluation in, 109-111 undercounts in, 8, 48, 59, 121, 154, demographic analysis in, 118-119, 155 155, 161-163, 209, 226, 284, 294, housing coverage in, 163-164, 212 305 overenumerations in, 212 Census of 1980 and post-enumeration surveys, 86, 109- address list development in, 78-80 111, 115, 161, 163-164, 204-209, coverage improvement 212 programs in, 82-84, 171-177, race and ethnicity questions in, 181 188-189 sampling for content in, 228 cost and effectiveness of, 176-177, undercounts in, 112, 154, 155, 161, 189 163-165, 203-209 data processing in, 84-85 Census of 1960, 86-87 demographic analysis in, 85, 129-132, coverage evaluation in, 111-116 142, 155-160, 157, 284 demographic analysis in, 119-120, 155, enumeration in, 80-81 161-163 follow-up in, 81-82, 225 housing coverage in, 213-214 and formation of 12 estimates of matched to Current Population Survey, undercoverage, 126-129 204-205 hard-to-count groups in, 154-161 overenumerations in, 212 housing coverage in, 78-79, 213, 214 and post-enumeration surveys, 111-112, matched to Current Population Survey, 212, 204-209 108, 123-128, 197, 198, 202 race and ethnicity questions in, 181 matching with Internal Revenue Service record check studies in, 112 records, 78-86, 160-161, 202-203 reverse record check in, 112-114 methodology in, 77-86 sampling for content in, 228 overenumerations in, 154, 210-212 undercounts in, 154, 155, 161-163, 164- and Post-Enumeration Program, 85-86, 165, 204-209 108, 121-129, 197-198; see also Census of 1970, 79, 80, 102 Post-Enumeration Program in coverage evaluation in, 106, 107, 108, census of 1980 115-116, 117-118, 120-121, 137, and protest by New York City, 108-109, 284 134-136, 146 race and ethnicity questions in, 181, 182

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From page 344...

... 344 INDEX recommendation for review of data in Conventional enumeration, 79, 81, 82-83, 1990 census planning, 18, 99 87, 88-89, 93, 159, 160, 168, 170, sampling for content in, 228 174, 175, 178-179, 199, 201, 211 undercount in, 154, 156-161, 197-203 212, 213, 214, 280 Census of 1990 See also Post-Enumeration Post Office administrative records in, 178 Check automation technologies in, 307-308 Cooperation with census programs, 83-84, demographic analysis in, 266, 284, 165, 171, 220, 250, 300 293-295 pre-enumeration survey affecting, 307 evaluation programs for, 283-317 Correlation bias, 111, 122, 146 and Post-Enumeration Program, 297-308 See also Dual-system estimation; and pre-enumeration survey, 306-307 Independence, assumption of reverse record check in, 295-297 Costs time factors in, 306 of census of 1980, 7, 176-177, 189 and variance estimation in matching of coverage evaluations, 137 process, 308 of coverage improvement programs, 15, Central cities, undercounts in; see Urban 19-20, 166-169, 171-176, 194 areas and efficacy of programs, 15, 168-169, Characteristics data 171, 174-177, 189 for comparative studies, 39-41 programs for reduction of, 9, 15, 153, restrictions on, 40-41 221-226, 236-238, 240 for small areas and subgroups, 38-42 sampling affecting, 7, 9, 13, 15-16, 153, Compact area cluster samples, in post- 170, 175, 217, 218-219, 221-226, enumeration surveys, 95, 289-290, 236-238 299 of systematic observation, 317 Comparative studies County data and estimates, errors in, 61-62 analysis of data across time periods, 42 See also Adjustment of census figures; characteristics data in, 39-41 Small-area data and estimates Composite list formation, 108, 133-134, Coverage 141, 283, 287 errors in, 105-106; see also Errors in New York City case, 134-136, 146 evaluation of, 105-152; see also Comprehensive Employment and Training Evaluation programs Act, fund allocations for, 60 improvement measures for; see Computer use; see Automation technologies Improvement programs Congressional representation, and need for and need for mid-decade census, 14, 17, census data; see Reapportionment 42 Consistency of data, adjustments affecting, review of problems in, 11-14 26-27, 107, 259-262 and role of estimation, 9-10 Content items, 94, 98 in sample census, 220-221 accuracy improvement with See also Overcount; Undercount administrative records, 35, 91-92, Coverage Questions and Dependent Roster 93-94, 153, 216, 232-235 Check, 82, 172-173, 175, 178 decisions for inclusion of, 41-42, 180- Criticisms of censuses, 5 193, 228-229, 230-231 Cross-product ratio, 146 errors in, 41, 44-45, 105, 106, 107, 108, See also Correlation bias; DuaI-system 109, 117, 153, 233-234 estimation; Independence, problems with, 16, 185, 233-234 assumption of sampling for, 91, 110, 115-116, 194, Cross-tabulation of data, and confidentiality 215-216, 217-218, 227-235 considerations, 39, 41, 84 Curbstoning, 105-106, 124, 159, 299

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From page 345...

... INDEX 345 Current Population Survey, 35 E matching to 1960 census, 204-205 matching to 1970 census, 108, 115-116, E Sample; see Evaluation programs 209, 212 Education programs, fund allocations for, matching to 1980 census, 108, 123-128, 33, 39, 51-52, 67-68 197, 198, 202 Educational status, and gross omission use for 1990 census, 306-307 rates, 205-206, 207 Emigration, estimates of, 114, 117, 121, 131, 142, 293, 294, 295, 296 D Employment, 60 equal opportunity programs for, and Data processing, for census of 1980, 84-85 state uses of census data, 43, 66 See also Imputation; Iterative 67, 69, 74-75, 263 proportional fitting fund allocations for, 52, 171 Death registration records, 117, 119, 130, Employment status, and gross omission 186, 187, 193 rates, 163, 206, 208, 209 completeness of, 29, 42, 131, 142, 294 Enumeration process, in census of 1980, Demographic analysis, 29-30, 107, 117-121 80-81 in census of 1950, 118-119, 155 Errors in census of 1960, 119-120, 155, and adjustment of counts, 9, 10, 24-28, 161-163 44, 246, 257-258 in census of 1970, 117-118, 120-121, in census of 1980, 8, 38, 46, 47, 48-49, 155, 161-163, 212, 284, 294 61 in census of 1980, 85, 129-132, 142, in content, 41, 44-45, 105, 106, 107, 155-160, 157, 284 108, 109, 117, 153, 233-234 components of, 139, 142 in county population estimates for 1980, and estimates of net undercount, 112, 61-62 114, 116, 118, 120, 121, 154, 155, in coverage, 19, 25, 38, 44, 45-47, 48, 156, 157, 161-163, 186, 212, 284 57, 60, 65-66, 105-106, 110-111, plans for 1990 census, 266, 284, 293-295 117, 119; see also Overcount; of population over age 65, 131 Undercount of population under age 65, 130-131 criticisms of, 5 prior to 1950, 118 estimations of, 26, 107, 119, 124, problem areas in, 10, 114, 117, 131- 257-259 132, 156, 161, 163, 265, 284, 294 and evaluation of coverage, 105-152; see See also Immigrants; Medicare data also Evaluation programs Denmark, census procedures in, 90-91 factors in, 19 Differential coverage errors; see Errors; in hard-to-count groups, 21, 67 Overcount; Undercount impact of, 8, 14, 17, 25, 38, 43-60, 65Direct estimate coverage 66, 67 estimation programs, 106-107, 138, in income reporting, 41, 58-59, 67, 233 139-141, 296, 313-314 and profiles for coverage evaluation Driver's license records; see Administrative methods, 136-137, 138-143 records in sampling, 216-217 Dual-system estimation, 116, 121-129, 132, in subcounty population estimates for 141, 144-146, 298, 299 1980, 61, 62, 63 and inclusion probabilities, 145, 304-305 Estimation stratification in, 122-123, 146, 302-305 of census errors, 26, 257-259 See also Correlation bias; Independence, compared with coverage improvement, assumption of 9-10 Duplications in the census; see Overcount dual-system; see Dual-system estimation

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From page 346...

... 346 INDEX errors affecting, 60-64 recommendations for 1990 census, 28 multiple list methods in, 132-134, 144-148 30, 283-317 synthetic, 25, 45, 58, 59, 103, 107, 254- assessment of methods in, 283-285 255, 257, 258, 268-269, 270-271, and balancing of undercount with 273, 275, 281 overcount, 302-304 triple-system, 287, 305 demographic analysis in, 293-295 Ethnicity; see Race and ethnicity questions and improvements in PostEvaluation programs, 10, 105-152 Enumeration Program, 299-308 administrative records used in, 132-136, and inclusion probabilities for two 283 lists, 304-306 in census of 1950, 109-111 level of nonresponses in, 299-300 in census of 1960, 111-116 percentage of unresolved matches in, in census of 1970, 106, 107, 108, 115- 308 116, 117-118, 120-121, 137, 284 and position paper by Wolter, 272 composite list formation, 108, 132-134, 273, 289-283 146 pretest plans in, 285-293 cost of, 137 reverse record check in, 295-297 criteria for, 25 resident observation in, 310 Current Population Survey samples in; systematic observation in, 310-312 see Current Population Survey time factors in, 306-308 demographic analysis in, 118-121, 284 and variance estimation in matching direct estimates in, 139-141 process for, 308 E sample in, 107, 108, 121, 123, 124, record check studies in; see 125, 126, 127, 141, 210, 212, 214, Administrative records 298, 299, 302-303 research on, 16 error profile for methods in, 136-137, reverse record checks in; see Reverse 138-143 record checks and formation of 12 estimates of timing considerations in, 137, 306-308 undercoverage in 1980, 126-129 and independent estimates for population groups, 116-117 F macro-level methods in, 19, 107, 109 Focus group method prior to 1980, 116-121 for development of coverage megalist method, 108, 134 improvement procedures, 22, 190, methods of, 107-109 195-196, 312 micro-level methods in, 19, 107-108, for development of questions, 20, 98, 109-116, 137 185-186 multilist methods, 133-134, 147-148 Follow-on survey considered for 1990 multiple list estimation methods in, 132 census, 16, 23, 94, 216, 229-230 134, 144-152 one-form census with, 231 need for, 13 Follow-up procedures, 94, 82-84 P sample in, 107-108, 109, 121, 123 in census of 1980, 81-82, 225 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 139-140, sampling in, 15-16, 22-23, 221-225, 141, 197, 199, 298, 299, 300, 301-302 302-303 telephone use in, 2-3, 22-23, 81, 94, 225 and Post-Enumeration Program in census Forward Trace Study, 30, 140, 288, 290, of 1980, 85-86, 108, 121-129, 296-297 197-198 See also Reverse record checks post-enumeration surveys in, 28-30, 108; Fractional matching, 301-302 see also Post-enumeration surveys France, census procedures in, 88-89 prior to 1980, 109-121

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From page 347...

... INDEX 347 Fund allocations and procedures to improve coverage, 21, and adjustments for income and 29, 83-84, 153, 165, 171, 190 population, 8, 12, 14, 17, 25, 32, 192, 203, 215 41, 43, 44-45, 57-60, 248-250, 294 proposals for, 21, 191-192, 195, 231 characteristics data in, 38 research on, 92, 94, 179, 287-288 for education, 33, 39, 51-52, 67-68 Health Interview Survey, 35, 36, 120, 209 for employment and training, 52, 171 Hierarchical Bayesian method in errors in count affecting, 38, 49-60 adjustments, 256-257, 267-268, formula-based programs in, 49-60 279-280 for housing, 53-54 Hispanics; see Race, coverage errors in and and income reporting errors, 41, 58-59, estimates of; Race and ethnicity 67, 233 questions loss functions affecting, 248-250, Historical aspects of censuses, 1-2 253-254 in centennial census of 1890, 2, 3 and need for census data, 6, 12, 33, 36, and criticisms of data, 5 66 in first census of 1790, 2, 109 for public assistance, 54 review from 1950 to 1980, 17-18 for recreation, 54 and uses of data, 33 for revenue sharing, 53 Hot-deck imputation, sequential; see for social services, 54-55 Imputation for transportation, 56 Household coverage, 165, 183 in census of 1970, 83, 106, 164, 169 170, 174, 187-189, 213-214, 226 G in census of 1980, 78-79, 213, 214 and children living elsewhere, 21, 96, Geocoding, 48, 94, 124, 126, 298, 299, 108, 189, 191, 192 300, 303 gross omission rates in, 212-214 avoidance of, 140, 301 and mail delivery problems in multiunit Geographic regions structures, 94, 159, 179, 195 gross omissions in, 208-209 in program for 1990, 178 and housing coverage omissions, 213 resident observer studies in, 163, 183, Germany, census procedures in, 89 209-210, 310 Government planning uses of characteristics Household relationships data, 39 and gross omissions, 205, 207 Government uses for census data, 6-7 and gross overenumerations, 210-211 by federal government, 51-56, 67 Housing, fund allocations for, 53-54 by local governments, 68-69 Housing structure data by states, 66-68 and data from administrative records, Grant programs, data needed for, 36 16, 24, 35-36, 90, 98, 234-235, See also Fund allocations 242-243 Great Britain, census procedures in, 88 recommendations for improvement in, Gross omissions; see Undercount 242-243 Gross overenumerations; see Overcount I H Immigrants, 40 Hard-to-count groups, 154-164, 207-208 illegal, estimates of, 29, 113, 114, 117, experience in 1980, 154-161, 171 122, 129-130, 131-132, 139, 142, experience from previous censuses, 161- 154, 155-156, 199, 264-265, 284, 163, 212 294, 296, 304, 313-316 focus groups in, 22, 185-186, 195, 196

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From page 348...

... 348 INDEX legal, records of, 29, 108, 113, 117, Independence, assumption of, 121-122, 130-131, 293 134, 138, 141, 146, 148, 302, Improvement programs, 19-22, 93-94, 304-306 153-214 See also Correlation bias; Dual-system for accuracy of count, 24 estimation in census of 1970, 83-84, 87, 164-170, Independent estimates for population 174, 226, 227 groups, 116-117 costs and effectiveness of, 98, 137, Independent observers, use of, 29 166, 168-169, 171, 175, 176, 227 See also Systematic observation in census of 1980, 82-84, 171-177, Independent surveys, 289, 290, 303 188-189 matched to census data, 108 costs and effectiveness of, 176-177, Indian reservations, coverage of, 93 189 Infant Enumeration Study, 119 for children not part of household, 189, Internal Revenue Service records, 35-36 191, 192 matching with census of 1980, 78-86, costs of, 15, 19-20, 166-169, 171-176, 160-161, 202-203 194 Iterative proportional fitting, 84, 85, 102 for hard-to-count groups, 21, 29, 83-84, 103, 268, 269-270 153, 165, 171, 190-192, 203, 215 and consistency of data, 261 for household roster, 21, 82, 175, 178, See also Adjustment of census figures 187-188, 189, 190, 194 for movers or groups with second homes, 111, 127-128, 168, 170, J 189, 217 Jersey City, census pretest in, 92, 96 need for, 13 and needed research on undercount and overcount, 21, 179-180 priorities for research and testing in, K 193-194 "K" parameter; see Correlation bias; Dual proposals for, 9-11 system estimation; Independence, race and ethnicity information in, 180-187 assumption of recommendations for 1990, 177-179, 193-196 and resident observer studies, 209-210 L sampling in, 225-227 recommendations for 1990, 226 Legal aspects Imputation of data for reapportionment and and adjustments, 26-27, 245, 261, 266, redistricting, 27, 36 270, 273 of deadlines for census data, 27, 262 multiple, 101 of mid-decade census, 49 sequential hot-deck, 18-19, 84-85, 100- of race and ethnicity questions, 180 101, 136 of sampling, 218 Inclusion probabilities for two lists, 304-306 List samples, in post-enumeration surveys, Income 95, 109-110, 111-112 and fund allocations, 31, 41, 44-45, 51, Local agency uses of census data, 68-69 53, 54, 57-60, 67, 219, 228, 233, Local area data and estimates; see Small 248-250, 294 area data and estimates and gross omission rates, 202-204, 206- Local lists, use of, 108-109, 141 208, 209 Local review of preliminary data for 1980, reporting errors, 24, 41, 43, 58-59, 67, 83, 93-94, 108-109, 172, 174-175, 233 176, 178

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From page 349...

... INDEX 349 Long-form/short-form questionnaires, Megalist method, 108, 134 228-229 Merging of lists; see Composite list alternatives to, 230-231 formation experience with short form, 16, 21, 228 Methodology related data in, 84-85, 102-103 in Australia, 88 Loss functions, and adjustment procedures, balance of procedures in, 14-15 25-26, 249-255, 257-259, 272- in Canada, 88, 128 273, 277-278 in census of 1950, 86 relative squared error in, 252 in census of 1960, 86-87 squared relative error in, 252 in census of 1970, 87 in census of 1980, 77-86 in coverage evaluation, 107-109 M in coverage improvement, 153-214 in Denmark, 90-91 Macro-level coverage evaluation, 19, 107, in France, 88-89 109, 116-121 in Germany, 89 Mail delivery problems, in multiunit in Great Britain, 88 structures, 94, 159, 179, 195 independent reviews of, 11-14 Mail nonreturn rates, 159, 200-202 in Netherlands, 89 Mailing lists, use of, 4, 78-79, 80, 174, 176 and plans for 1990, 9-11 Mailout-mailback enumeration, 3, 80, 178 and review of pretest plans, 96-99 coverage errors in, 160, 199-200, 214 in Sweden, 89-90 use in 1970, 87, 165-167 Micro-level coverage evaluation, 19, 107 use in 1980, 78, 80-81, 173-174 108, 109-116, 137 Maryland, fund allocations in, 58-59, 60 Mid-decade census Matching, 141 advantages of, 63-64 of administrative records to census data, legal aspects of, 49 9, 10, 19, 83, 107, 108, 116, 132- need for, 14, 17, 42 136, 144-148, 149-150, 287-288 Missed persons campaign in 1970, 166, automated procedures in, 149, 307-308 168, 175 blocking used in, 150-151, 275, 301, See also Casual Count 303 Movers, 189 of Current Population Survey to census checked in 1970, 168, 177 records; see Current Population effectiveness of, 170 Survey proposed coverage of, 189-190 fractional, 301-302 Multilist methods, 133-134, 147-148 general algorithm of, 150 Multiple list estimation methods, 132-134, of independent surveys to census data, 144-148 108 composite lists in, 108, 133-134, 146-147 mathematical model for, 151-152, 301 covariate information in, 148 operational difficulties of, 149-150 dual system; see Dual-system estimation three-way match with Census/CPS/IRS, hazards of, 148 292 multilists in, 147-148 variable selection in, 151 Multiplicity surveys, 108, 190, 192-193, variance estimation in, 308 195, 295 Medicare data, 131 for demographic estimates of elderly population, 117, 120, 131, 137 N for estimates of elderly population, 108, 120, 121, 130, 132, 142, 293 National Center for Health Statistics, 20 matched to 1970 census records, 116 21, 73, 187

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From page 350...

... 350 INDEX National Content Test of 1976, 185 P planned for 1986, 98 National Research Council Advisory P Sample; see Evaluation programs Committee on Problems of Census Participant observer studies; see Resident Enumeration, 11-12, 309 observer studies; Systematic National Research Council Panel on observation Decennial Census Plans, 12 Planning cycle for 1990 census, 3-5, 97-98, National Vacancy Check of 1970, 87, 106, 99 116, 166-167, 168, 170, 177, 226 Postal Service checking of address lists effectiveness of, 169 in census of 1970, 106, 116, 166, 226 See also Vacant/Delete Check effectiveness of, 170 Native-American enumeration techniques, in census of 1980, 174 93, 184 Postcensal estimates, errors affecting, 60-64 Net coverage errors; see Overcount; Post-Enumeration Post Office Check Undercount in 1970, 87, 106, 116, 166, 168, 170, Netherlands, census procedures in, 89 213, 226 Network coverage improvement questions, in 1980, 83, 172, 174, 178-179 108, 190-191 Post-Enumeration Program in census of New Jersey 1980, 85-86, 108, 121-129 census data use in, 60, 70-75 blocking in, 150-151 fund allocations in, 58-59, 74-75 cost of, 137 Jersey City census pretest, 92, 96 E sample in, 108, 124, 299 New York City gross omissions in, 156-159, 197-198 administrative records used in 1980, 83, gross overenumerations in, 159-160, 134-136, 146, 175-176 210-212 protest of 1980 census, 108-109, 134- matching with Current Population 136, 146 Survey, 108, 123-128, 197, 198, Nonhousehold Sources Program; see 202, 298 Administrative records P sample in, 108, 123-124, 298-299 Nonresponses possible improvements in, 299-308 reduction in, 30, 299-300 problem areas in, 264-265 and unresolved matches, 30, 126, 127, procedures in, 298-299 139-140 and state population estimates, 46-47 Post-Enumeration Program planned for 1990, 297-308 O Post-enumeration surveys, 28-30, 108 in census of 1950, 86, 109-111, 115, Oakland pretest in 1977, 108, 190-191 161, 163-164, 204-209, 212 Omissions of data; see Undercount in census of 1960, 111-112, 212, One-form census with follow-on survey, 204-209 231 pretest in 1985, 285-286 Overcount, 210-212 problems with, 28, 291 balancing with undercount, 141, See also Area samples, in post 302-304 enumeration surveys; Compact in census of 1980, 8, 154, 210-212 area cluster samples, in post findings from earlier censuses, 212 enumeration surveys; List samples, findings from Post-Enumeration Program in post-enumeration surveys; Pre of 1980, 160, 212 enumeration surveys research needed on, 179-180 Precanvass sources of, 124 in census of 1970, 165, 166-167, 168, 169, 170

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From page 351...

... INDEX 351 in census of 1980, 80, 171-174, 176 R in test program for 1990, 178 Pre-enumeration surveys, 28, 29, 93, 85, Race, coverage errors in and estimates of, 202, 272, 306-307 8, 45-46, 57, 59, 60, 110, 118Preferred estimates of undercounts, 119, 121, 131-132, 154-164, 197-203, 120, 129 207, 208-209 Prelist Race and ethnicity questions, 180-187 enumeration areas in 1970, 165, 168, in census of 1980, 182, 183 174 comparability of data from, 20-21, enumeration areas in 1980, 79, 80, 93, 186-187 214 considerations for 1990, 20, 180-181, recanvass in 1980, 83, 172, 174, 175, 182-185 177, 178 development of, 185-186 Pretests in earlier censuses, 2, 5, 181 in Oakland in 1977, 108, 190-191 and focus group methods, 185-186, plans for 1985, 4, 92, 96-99, 192-193, 195-196 224, 225, 285-286 and mail nonreturn rates, 159, 200-202 plans for 1986, 4, 21, 22, 28, 92, 93-95, and overenumeration rates, 160, 210-211 97-99, 177-179, 190, 191, 193, prescribed categories in, 181-182 196, 216, 221, 224, 225, 226, 230, problems with, 294 271-272, 274, 307 and undercount rates, 45-46, 155-157 plans for 1990, 92-93, 179, 194, 271- Raking ratio estimation, 103 272, 285-293, 310 See also Iterative proportional fitting in Tampa in 1985, 92, 96, 186, 285-286 Reapportionment Public assistance, fund allocations for, 54 deadlines for data in, 27, 36 Public cooperation with census, 83-84, 165, errors affecting, 8, 38, 42, 43-47 171, 220, 250, 300 loss functions affecting, 250, 253-254 pre-enumeration survey affecting, 307 and need for census data, 5-6, 8 Public planning uses Record checks of basic counts for small areas, 17, 36-37 administrative records in; see of census data in, 33 Administrative records Purposes or uses of census, 2, 6-7, 17, 31-75 reverse; see Reverse record checks and basic counts for small areas, 17, Record linkage for automated matching, 34-38 91-92, 151-152 and changes in time periods, 27, 42 Recreation, fund allocations for, 54 characteristics data in, 38-41 Redistricting distinguishing features of, 34-42 deadlines for data in, 27, 36 by federal government, 51-56 errors affecting, 47-49 historical uses in, 33 and state uses of census data, 66 and impact of errors, 43-64 Refusals for interviews, rate of, 125, 126, by local agencies, 68-69 225, 299-300 reassessment of, 37-38 Regions, undercounts in, 110, 158-159, by states, 65-68, 70-75 199-200, 208-209, 213-214 Regression techniques in adjustments, 243, 267-268, 270-271, 273, 275, 280 Q Representation in Congress and need for census data; see Reapportionment Questionnaire design and content, 40, 41, Research 94, 180-193, 227-233 on adjustments, 16, 27, 45, 77, 93, 253 See also Content items; Short-form/long- 255, 271-276 form questionnaires on coverage evaluation, 16

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From page 352...

... 352 INDEX on coverage improvement programs, in follow-up studies, 13, 15-16, 22-23, 193-194 221-225, 301-302 on hard-to-count groups, 92, 94, 179, recommendations for, 22-23, 221, 224 287-288 225, 227 on impact of errors, 43-60 and reduction of respondent burden, on loss functions and adjustment, 253-255 217-218 plans for 1990, 18, 91-96 research on, 15, 91, 219, 224-225 priorities for 1986, 18, 96-99, 193-196 rolling samples in, 219, 221 on responses to content items, 233-234 and time required for field work, 217 and review of pretest plans, 97-99 for unresolved cases, 302 on sampling, 224-225 See also Post-enumeration surveys testing schedule in, 3-4, 95-96 Second-home groups, proposed coverage of, on undercount and overcount, 21, 179-180 189-190 Residence rules, 92 Sequential hot-deck imputation, 18-19, 84Resident observer studies, 163, 183, 209- 85, 100-101, 136 210, 310 Sex category, undercounts in, 8, 45, 112, See also Systematic observation 118, 119-120, 155-156, 157, 160, Revenue sharing, fund allocations for, 31, 161, 203, 206, 207, 208, 245, 266, 36, 41, 51, 53, 57-59, 60, 66, 107, 275, 294, 309, 316 219, 228, 233, 250, 251, 254, 273 Short-form/long-form questionnaires, Reverse record checks, 29, 108 228-229 in Canada, 108, 112, 114-115, 140, alternatives to, 230-231 159, 265, 283-284, 291, 295 experience with short form, 16, 21, 228 in census of 1960, 112-114 related data in, 84-85, 102-103 plans for 1990 census, 295-297 Small-area data and estimates problems with, 290-291 adjustment in, 26, 27, 28, 102, 256, Reviews of census plans by independent 261, 266, 268-271, 273, 275-276 sources, 11-14 administrative records in, 35 Rural areas basic counts for, 17, 34-38 enumeration procedures, 3, 83, 87, 92, characteristics data in, 38-42 93, 178, 267 comparison and ranking of, 36, 37, 39-41 gross omissions in, 110, 208-209, 213 sampling affecting, 35, 219-220, 221 housing coverage studies in, 192, 213, See also County data and estimates; 214 State data and estimates Social Security Administration records, 35, 91, 112, 144 S Social services, fund allocations for, 54-55 Socioeconomic research uses of Sampling procedures, 9, 13, 15-16, 22-24, characteristics data, 40 215-243 Standard metropolitan statistical areas, for census enumeration, 215-221 undercounts in; see Urban areas for content items, 91, 110, 115-116, State data and estimates, 8, 45-47, 61, 32, 194, 215-216, 217-218, 227-235 253-254, 262-263, 267, 268, 277 costs of, 7, 9, 13, 15-16, 153, 170, 175, 278, 284, 285, 294 217, 218-219, 221-226, 236-238 See also Adjustment of census figures; coverage deficiency in, 219-221 Small-area data and estimates for coverage improvement, 9, 13, 15-16, State government uses of census data, 65-68 225-227 and case study of data use in New Jersey, recommendations for 1990, 226, 230 60, 70-75 errors in, 216-217 for classification of local governments, feasibility of, 217, 224 65-66

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From page 353...

... INDEX 353 for equal employment opportunity U programs, 43, 66-67, 69, 74-75, 263 Undercount for fund allocations, 66 balance with overcount, 141, 302-304 for implementation of federal programs, in census of 1980, 154, 156-161, 67 197-203 for planning purposes, 67-68 and coverage evaluation, 105-152; see for redistricting, 65 also Evaluation programs Stratification in dual-system estimation, findings from previous censuses, 8, 48, 122-123, 146, 302-305 59, 112, 121, 154, 155, 161-163, Subcounty population estimates for 1980, 164-165, 203-209, 226, 284, 294, errors in, 61, 62, 63 305 Subgroup characteristics data, 38-42 and fund allocations, 59-60 Subject items; see Content items gross omissions in, 197-210 Supplemental forms operation in 1970, in housing coverage studies, 212-214 166-167 and reapportionment, 45-47 effectiveness of, 168, 170 research needed on, 21, 179-180 Sweden, census procedures in, 89-90 sources of, 105-106, 125 Synthetic estimation, and adjustments, 25, and values assigned to missing responses, 45, 58, 59, 103, 107, 254-255, 18-19 257, 258, 268-269, 270-271, 273, Update list/leave enumeration procedure, 275, 281 81, 91, 94, 179, 195 Systematic observation, 310-312 Urban areas variance and cost estimates for, 317 housing coverage studies in, 213-214 undercounts in, 110, 139, 199-202, 208-209 T Uses for census data; see Purposes or uses of census Tampa pretest in 1985, 92, 96, 186, 285-286 Tape Address Register Enumeration Areas V in 1970, 165-169, 174 in 1980, 79, 80, 174, 178 Vacant/Delete Check Telephone follow-up procedures, 2-3, 22- in census of 1980, 82-83, 172-173, 174, 23, 81, 94, 225 223 Testing programs; see Pretests effectiveness of, 172-173, 174, 175, 177, Time-series character of census, 27, 42 226, 227 Timing considerations and recommended use of sampling, 23, in adjustments, 48, 137, 262-264, 306 177, 178, 194, 216, 226, 227, in automation, 307-308 239-240 in coverage evaluation, 137, 306-308 See also National Vacancy Check of in pre-enumeration surveys, 306-307 1970 in sampling, 217 Variance estimation, 258-259, 317 Tracing methods, in Forward Trace Study, in matching process, 308 30, 140, 288, 290, 296-297 Vital statistics records, 36 Transportation, fund allocations for, 56 birth registration, 117, 118-119, 120, Triple-system estimation, 287, 305 121, 130, 132, 142, 186, 187, 290, Two-stage enumeration procedure 293, 294 testing of, in 1985, 92, 96 death records, 29, 42, 117, 119, 130, use in 1960 census, 86 131, 142, 186, 187, 193, 294 race and ethnicity definitions in, 20-21, 186-187

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From page 354...

... 354 INDEX W Weighting and adjustments, 247, 251-252, 253, 261, 265-266, 267-268, 269, 271, 278, 279-280 of long-form records, iterative proportional fitting in, 84, 102-103 Were You Counted program, 83, 168, 172 173, 176, 194 See also Supplemental forms operation in 1970 Whole Household Usual Home Elsewhere Program, 82, 176, 177, 178, 190 Wolter paper on coverage evaluation and adjustment, 95, 271-273, 276, 289-293, 300, 306

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Index Pages 341-354

Index
Pages 341-354