Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride (1993) / Chapter Skim
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8 INTAKE, METABOLISM, AND DISPOSITION OF FLUORIDE
8 INTAKE, METABOLISM, AND DISPOSITION OF FLUORIDE
Pages 125-134
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From page 125... ...
The fluoride concentrations in most dental products available in the United States range from 230 ppm (0.05% sodium fluoride mouth rinse) to over 12,000 ppm (~.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel)
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From page 126... ...
has said, as "a useful upper limit for fluoride intake by children." Fluoride intake by nursing infants depends mainly on whether breast milk or formula is fed. Human breast milk contains only a trace of fluoride (about 0.5 ,umol/L, depending on fluoride intake)
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From page 127... ...
The use of fluoride-containing dental products, especially toothpastes, is wiclespread, and dietary fluoride supplements are prescribed for children from birth to teenage years more frequently in areas without water fluoridation. The dosage schedule for fluoride supplementation currently recommended by the American Dental Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics is shown in Table X-~.
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From page 128... ...
Fluoride intake from soft drinks and other beverages prepared with fluoridated water amounts to 0.3-0.5 mg per 12 ounces, which makes such products quantitatively important sources of fluoride. Those considerations and others, such as use of certain home-water purification systems that might remove fluoride and consumption of bottled water that might have fluoride concentrations above or below the optimal range, lead to the conclusion that reasonably accurate estimates of total daily fluoride intake are no longer as simple and straightforward as they were when the only important source of fluoride was water.
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From page 129... ...
indicate that a diet high in calcium or parenteral administration of fluoride can result in fecal fluoride excretion rates that exceed fluoride intake. High concentrations of dietary calcium and other cations that form insoluble complexes with fluoride can reduce fluoride absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
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From page 130... ...
The balance of fluoride in the neonate can be positive or negative during the early months of life, depending on whether intake is sufficient to maintain the plasma concentration that existed at the time of birth (Ekstranct et al., 1984~. TISSUE DISTRIBUTION As indicated by the results of short-term OFF isotope studies with rats, a steady-state distribution exists between the fluoride concentrations in plasma or extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid of most soft tissues (Whitford et al., 1979~.
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From page 131... ...
Increased retention is due to the large surface area provided by numerous and loosely organized developing bone crystallites, which increase the clearance rate of fluoride from plasma by the skeleton (Whitford, 1989~. Accordingly, the peak plasma fluoride concentrations and the areas uncler the time-plasma concentration curves are directly related to age during the period of skeletal development.
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From page 132... ...
In patients with compromised renal function where the glomerular filtration rate fails to 30% of normal on a chronic basis, fluoride excretion might decline sufficiently to result in increased soft- and hard-tissue fluoride concentrations (Schiffl and Binswanger, 19801. Renal handling, tissue concentrations, and effects of fluoride in renal patients are subjects in need of further research.
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From page 133... ...
That information would improve our understanding of trends in dental caries, dental fluorosis, and possibly other disorders or diseases. · Determine the effects of factors that affect human acid-base balance and urinary pH on the metabolic characteristics, balance, and tissue concentrations of fluoride.
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