Demographic Change in Sub-Saharan Africa (1993) / Chapter Skim
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8 International Migration
8 International Migration
Pages 297-349
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From page 297... ...
. International migrants include those seeking employment; family members accompanying or joining those who have migrated before them; people seeking refuge from drought, famine, political upheavals, or military conflicts (whether designated as official refugees or Sharon Stanton Russell is a research scholar at the the Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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From page 298... ...
Despite the difficulties of studying the phenomenon, international migration can have striking consequences for the demographic profiles of both sending and the receiving areas, and the subject warrants attention in any comprehensive review of population dynamics. DATA SOURCES Statistical data on international migration in sub-Saharan Africa are of limited availability and often poor quality.
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From page 299... ...
The proportions of foreign born in total populations vary considerably, with the highest being in western Africa. Second, labor migration has been a feature of all subregions, but especially notable in western Africa, and from the nations of southern Africa to the Republic of South Africa.
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From page 300... ...
have been predominant in eastern Africa. Fourth, clandestine migration is pervasive throughout the region and considered "routine" in western Africa, where seasonal migration also figures more prominently than elsewhere on the continent.
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From page 301... ...
The levels and directions of migration in the region are notably volatile. Until the early 1970s, Ghana was the favored destination of western African migrants, and as of the 1960 census, migrants numbered more than 800,000 and made up 12 percent of Ghana's total population.
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Of the eleven western African countries for which data are available on the sex ratio of the foreign born, five have ratios very close to 1.00 (Table 8-15~. Further, future censuses may confirm observations (see Russell et al., 1990)
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Middle Africa Historical patterns of international migration in middle Africa were linked to religious factors, tribal expansion, the slave trade, migrations of nomads and pygmies, and movement across "artificial," colonial political boundaries by members of socioeconomic units thus divided. Although migration in the subregion is often characterized as largely male and temporary, analysis of sex ratio data for various middle African countries suggests that types of migration vary considerably by nationality and country of destination.
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From page 304... ...
The predominance of refugees in eastern Africa does not mean, however, that other types of international migration are not found. Historically, migration in the subregion was affected by precolonial inflows of Arabs and Asians; the partition of the area into colonies; the development of exportoriented agriculture as well as mining and extractive industries; and restric3The U.S.
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From page 305... ...
There have also been labor flows from Malawi and Mozambique to South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Zambia (Adepoju, 1988:34,35~. In the past, Tanzania received sizable inflows from other sub-Saharan African countries.
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From page 306... ...
. A number of factors have combined to bring about these and other recent changes in southern African migration to South Africa (De Vletter 1988:5~.
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From page 307... ...
There is also evidence of primary female migration from Zambia and Tanzania and in western Africa (Russell et al., 19904. The proportion of all sub-Saharan African refugees hosted by southern African countries has declined slightly, from 6.6 percent in 1988 to 5.3 percent in 1990 (see Table 8-9)
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From page 308... ...
countries (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, 1988~; this figure is undoubtedly an underestimate, however: more than 110,000 skilled Nigerians alone took jobs abroad between 1987 and 1989 (Adegbola, 1990~. Since the mid-1970s, there has been increasing migration of highly skilled Africans to destinations within Africa, although their aggregate numbers 5Generally, the term "brain drain" has not been applied to the emigration of skilled nonAfrican (or expatriate)
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From page 309... ...
Following the decline of oil revenues and the adoption of a structural adjustment program in the mid-1980s, Nigeria experienced significant emigration of skilled personnel, affecting particularly medicine, universities, and airlines. Similarly, as the result of economic crisis, poor working conditions, and more attractive salaries elsewhere, Zambia has lost a substantial number of university lecturers and public sector physicians, mainly to other countries of southern Africa.
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From page 310... ...
ranked among the top four or five sources of asylum seekers in nine out of sixteen reporting countries (Inter-governmental Consultations on Asylum, Refugee and Migration Policies in Europe, North America and Australia, personal communication, 19921. EFFECTS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION ON AGE AND SEX DISTRIBUTIONS Data on the age and sex distributions of resident, absent, and foreignborn or foreign national populations are available only for selected countries, and discerning the effects of international migration on these aspects of population structure is further confounded by systematic misreporting of age and underenumeration of men in African census results (P.
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From page 311... ...
remained constant, that of the de facto population rose slightly to 0.81, and the sex ratio of absentees declined slightly to 5.29. The age and sex distribution of absentees shown in Figure 8-1 is characteristic of countries with high male emigration.
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From page 312... ...
However, because of their small numbers, migrants had little effect on the sex ratio of the total population, raising it only by 0.01 point in any age group. For people under 60, there were notable differences in age distribution between foreign nationals and Mauritanians.
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From page 313... ...
The preponderance of males among the foreign born aged 60 years and over is unexplained but could result from a combination of age underreporting by female migrants and male predominance among earlier migrants, long resident in Malawi by 1977. In any case, although the presence of the foreign born had no effect on the overall sex ratio of the total population, the preponderance of foreign males aged 60 and over was sufficient to raise the sex ratio of the total population in this age group by 0.03.
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From page 314... ...
In any case, the "true" figure is undoubtedly different: International migration flows in Africa, as elsewhere, are notably volatile, unpredictable, and hard to measure. Eastern Africa has been most affected by refugee flows (principally from Mozambique, Ethiopia, Sudan, and Somalia)
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From page 315... ...
At best, one can put forward some observations to be examined in further research. The case of Lesotho suggests that when emigration exceeds 8 percent of total population and is heavily dominated by one sex, there are demonstrable effects on the sex ratios and differential rates of growth in de jure and de facto populations.
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From page 316... ...
316 DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA TABLE 8-1 Summary of Population and Migrant Stock De s tin ationa Country Census Data Categoryb DateC Classd Immigrants Africane~f Non-Africang Western Benin Burkina Faso Cote d'Ivoire The Gambia Ghana Guinea-Bissau Guinea Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Middle Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo Gabon . Zalre Eastern Burundi Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mozambique Rwanda Somalia Tanzanla Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Swaziland South Africa Northern Sudan Other Africaf Total OLI LISA MIOI LISA OLI OLI OLI MIOI LISA MIOI LISA MIOE n.a.
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From page 317... ...
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION 317 Non Totalh immigrants Not Total Immigrants (% Stated Population total population)
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From page 318... ...
fUnknown foreign born classified as "Other Africa." Includes eight countries of Comoros, Mauritius, Reunion, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Cape Verde, Equitorial Guinea, and Djibouti. "Includes United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Portugal, and other Europe, Asia (excluding countries of the former USSR)
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From page 319... ...
aUnknown foreign born classified as "Other Africa." Category includes the eight countries of Comoros, Mauritius, Reunion, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Cape Verde, Equitorial Guinea, and Djibouti, and all of North Africa except Sudan. bFigures include interregional migration as well as the intraregional migration shown on this table.
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From page 320... ...
320 TABLE 8-2 (continuedJ DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Destination Source Country Country and Population Guinea Abroad Bissau Guinea Liberia Mali Mauritania DestinationC Burkina Faso — 23,984 Cole d'Ivoire 99,476 3,824 353,448 The Gambia 7,176 10,442 5,478 1,779 Ghana 4,584 13,412 Guinea Bissau — 5,675 Liberia 26,337 1,597 Mali 19,394 9,464 Mauritania 1,555 3,461 Senegal 23,805 38,821 — 8,872 11,294 Sierra Leone 44,504 3,213 Other Africaa 35 Total population 768,000 Population abroadb Number Percent 6,200,000e 1,503,368 6,394,918 1,339,000 31,016 246,325 4.0 4.0 11,621 413,975 22,967 0.8 6.5 1.7
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From page 321... ...
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION 32 Sierra Other Niger Nigeria Senegal Leone Togo Africaa Totalb 4,515 33,552 15,787 3,816 2,122 2,300 42,415 20,288 27,177 3,169 12,830 582 55,539 244,735 6,368 1,940 197 3,615 17,624 8,209 6,440 203 6,700,000e loS,000,000e 4,997,885 2,735,883 1,951,000 59,316 245,620 81,265 7,022 262,082 0.9 2.3 1.6 0.3 13.4 1,05 1 8,578 367 7,185 5,353 1,580 107,517 11,553 1,437,319 666 53,300 2,045 547,149 12,043 47,654 72,365 23,007 93,072 67,164 d
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From page 322... ...
aUnknown foreign born classified as "Other Africa." Category includes the eight countries of Comoros, Mauritius, Reunion, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, and Djibouti, and all of North Africa except Sudan. bFigures include interregional migration as well as the intraregional migration shown on this table.
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From page 323... ...
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION 323 Other Congo Gabon Zaire Africaa Totalb 354 1,296 5,886 7,892 1,502 729 211 2,730 185,558 2,774 195 8,998 1,867 41,362 476 20,912 1,081 45,703 4 9 d _d 1,909,000 1,200~000e 29,671,407 71,786 1,409 3.8 0.1 79,774 0.3
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From page 324... ...
aUnknown foreign born classified as "Other Africa." Category includes the eight countries of Comoros, Mauritius, Reunion, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Cape Verde, Equitorial Guinea, and Djibouti, and all of North Africa except Sudan. bFigures include interregional migration as well as the intraregional migration shown on this table.
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From page 325... ...
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION 325 Rwanda Somalia Sudan Tanzania Uganda 47,750 s 161,953 65,240 13,018 1 825 1,104 34,398 16,493 215 2,593 4,831,527 7~8oo~oooe 14,114,000 17,512,611 9,543,545 209,703 4.3 0.0 0.5 65,959 68,416 4,900 0.4 0.1 continued
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From page 326... ...
326 TABLE 8-4 (continuedJ DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Destination Source Country Country and Population Abroad Other Zambia Zimbabwe Africaa Totalb DestinationC Burundi 294 79,902 Madagascar 1,078 1,078 Malawi 281,806 281,806 Rwanda 253 36,789 Uganda 1,073 486,300 Zambia 48,111 10,220 184,742 Other Africaa 24 _ d d Total population 5,662,000 9,oo0,000e Population abroadb Number Percent 21,168 147,370 0.4 1.6
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From page 327... ...
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From page 328... ...
Cell totals include all interregional migration; country-to-country migrations of more than 2,000 people are detailed in the footnotes. aIncludes 135,296 from Nigeria to Cameroon; 2,850 from Mali to Congo; and 2,817 from Senegal to Congo.
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From page 330... ...
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From page 331... ...
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From page 333... ...
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION TABLE 8-9 Refugees, by Asylum Country, 1987, 1988, 1990 Asylum Country 1987 1988 1990a Western Benin 3,700 3,000 800 Burkina Faso 180 ' 200 300 Cote d'Ivoire 600 800 270,500 The Gambia 800 Ghana 140 100 8,000 Guinea Bissau 1,600 Guinea 325,000 Liberia 110 200 Mali 10,600 Mauritania 22,000 Niger — 800 Nigeria 4,800 5,100 5,300 Senegal 5,600 5,200 55,300 Sierra Leone 200 100 125,000 Togo 1,700 500 Middle Angola 92,000 95,700 11,900 Cameroon 7,300 4,700 6,900 Central African Republic 5,100 3,000 6,300 Chad 100 Congo 1,200 2,100 3,400 Gabon 100 100 800 Zaire 338,000 325,700 370,900 Eastern and Sudan Burundi 76,000 76,000 90,700 Djibouti 13,500 2,000 67,400 Ethiopia 220,000 700,500 783,000 Kenya 9,000 10,600 14,400 Malawi 420,000 630,000 909,000 Mozambique 500 400 700 Rwanda 19,000 20,600 21,500 Somalia 430,000 365,000 358,500 Sudan 817,000 693,600 726,500 Tanzania 266,000 266,200 266,200 Uganda 120,400 125,500 156,000 Zambia 151,500 149,000 133,950 Zimbabwe 150,500 171,500 186,00C Southern Botswana 5,200 2,700 1,00C Lesotho 2,000 4,000 1,00C Namibia 25,000 South Africa 180,000 180,000 201,000 Swaziland 67,000 70,700 47,200 Total 3,408,430 3,914,800 5,215,250 NOTE: : no refugees reported. aIncludes 6,500 that are not accounted for in Tables 8-10 through 8-13 because their source countries are unknown.
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From page 334... ...
. TABLE 8-11 Refugees, by Source and Asylum Countries, 1990: Middle Africa Source Country Central African Asylum Country Angola Republic Chad Angola 9,500 Cameroon 6,500 Central African Republic 1,200 Congo 300 2,300 400 Zaire 3 12,700 NOTE: These figures exclude interregional refugees and refugees from unknown source countries.
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From page 336... ...
. TABLE 8-14 Interregional Refugees in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1990 Source Region Eastern Asylum Region Western Middle and Sudan Southern Western S,200a 0 0 Middle 0 63,1 Gob 2~400C Eastern and Sudan 0 158,800d — 8,200e Southern 0 25,000f 239,500g Total 0 189,000 302,600 10,600 NOTE: Cell totals include all interregional migration; country-to-country migrations of 2,000 or more refugees are detailed in the footnotes.
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From page 337... ...
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From page 338... ...
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From page 339... ...
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION TABLE 8-16 Sub-Saharan African Source Countries, 1990, Ranked by Refugee Stocks 339 Percent of Cumululative Source Country Region Number Total Percentage Mozambique Eastern 1,427,500 27.4 27.4 Ethiopia Eastern 1,064,400 20.4 47.8 Liberia Western 729,800 14.0 61.8 Sudan Northern 499,100 9.6 71.3 Somalia Eastern 448,600 8.6 79.9 Angola Middle 435,700 8.4 88.3 Rwanda Eastern 203,900 3.9 92.2 Burundi Eastern 186,200 3.6 95.8 Mauritania Western 60,100 1.2 96.9 Zaire Middle 50,700 1.0 97.9 Chad Middle 35,200 0.7 98.6 Senegal Western 24,400 0.5 99.0 South Africa Southern 20,000 0.4 99.4 Uganda Eastern 12,300 0.2 99.7 Guinea-Bissau Western 5,000 0.1 99.9 Kenya Eastern 3,500 0.1 100.0 Lesotho Southern 1,000 0.0 100.0 Niger Western 500 0.0 100.0 Namibia Southern 300 0.0 100.0 Central African Republic Middle 300 0.0 100.0 Malawi Eastern 250 0.0 100.0 Othera 6,500 Total refugee population 5,215,250 aSource country not specified. SOURCE: Data from U.S.
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From page 340... ...
340 DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA TABLE 8-17 Sub-Saharan African Asylum Countries, 1990, Ranked by Refugee Stocks Percent of Cumululative Asylum Country Region Number Total Percentage Malawi Eastern 909,000 17.43 17.43 Ethiopia Eastern 783,000 15.01 32.44 Sudan Northern 726,500 13.93 46.37 Zaire Middle 370,900 7.11 53.49 Somalia Eastern 358,500 6.87 60.36 Guinea Western 325,000 6.23 66.59 Cole d'Ivoire Western 270,500 5.19 71.78 Tanzania Eastern 266,200 5.10 76.88 South Africa Southern 201,000 3.85 80.74 Zimbabwe Eastern 186,000 3.57 84.30 Uganda Eastern 156,000 2.99 87.29 Zambia Eastern 133,950 2.57 89.86 Sierra Leone Western 125,000 2.40 92.26 Burundi Eastern 90,700 1.74 94.00 Djibouti Eastern 67,400 1.29 95.29 Senegal Western 55,300 1.06 96.35 Swaziland Southern 47,200 0.91 97.26 Namibia Southern 25,000 0.48 97.74 Mauritania Western 22,000 0.42 98.16 Rwanda Eastern 21,500 0.41 98.57 Kenya Eastern 14,400 0.28 98.85 Angola Middle 11,900 0.23 99.07 Mali Western 10,600 0.20 99.28 Ghana Western 8,000 0.15 99.43 Cameroon Middle 6,900 0.13 99.56 Central African Republic Middle 6,300 0.12 99.68 Nigeria Western 5,300 0.10 99.79 Congo Middle 3,400 0.07 99.85 Guinea-Bissau Western 1,600 0.03 99.88 Lesotho Southern 1,000 0.02 99.90 Botswana Southern 1,000 0.02 99.92 Benin Western 800 0.02 99.93 The Gambia Western 800 0.02 99.95 Niger Western 800 0.02 99.97 Gabon Middle 800 0.02 99.98 Mozambique Eastern 700 0.01 99.99 Burkina Faso Western 300 0.01 100.00 Total asylum population 5,215,250 SOURCE: Data from U.S. Committee for Refugees (1991)
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From page 341... ...
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION TABLE 8-18 Lesotho Population: 1976 and 1986 Censuses Characteristics 1976 1986 1976- 1986 341 De jure population Total 1,216,815 1,577,536 Male 587,348 760,472 Female 629,467 817,064 De facto population Total 1,064,188 1,443,853 Male 458,260 648,021 Female 605,928 795,832 Sex ratio (male to female) De jure 0.93 0.93 De facto 0.76 0.81 Absentees Total 152,627 133,683 Male 129,088 112,451 Female 23,539 21,232 Percentage of total de jure population 12.5 8.5 Intercensal growth rate De jure 2.6 De facto 3.1 SOURCE: Data from Lesotho (1987)
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From page 342... ...
342 Cal Cal rim Cal · .
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From page 343... ...
343 Ct o _ Ct Ct o ~ Ed a; Cq au · ~ o .~ Ct o .~ Ct _4 Ct of Do ¢ · ~ 3 Ct hi Ed Ct Ct Ct o ~ s o V)
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345 o o so ~s Ct E-° ca cn C~ V ~o o bC o V 1 oo ¢ Ct o C~ L a~ C~ - o ~4 g V 4 o E~ a' o L ._ ~ o Ct L ~ ~o Cd L Ct ¢ _.
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From page 346... ...
346 :t s .~ s 1 oo m ¢ o g .
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From page 347... ...
International Union for the Scientific Study of Population Workshop on International Migration Systems and Networks, University of Benin, Nigeria. Malawi 1984 Malawi Population Census 1977, Analytical Report, Vol.
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From page 348... ...
International Migration Review 24(2)
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From page 349... ...
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION World Bank 1986 Population Growth and Policies on Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, D.C World Bank.
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