Counterfeit Deterrent Features for the Next-Generation Currency Design (1993) / Chapter Skim
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Executive Summary
Executive Summary
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Secret Service, made on a commercially available color copier, were very impressive and, in the committee's estimation, would have no trouble in passing all but the most demanding visual inspection. Modern deterrents are required that possess a highly visible means of authentication that is difficult to reproduce and is readily observable by an individual unaided, or using low-cost, relatively unobtrusive devices.
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First, the size of the notes should not be changed in a manner that would prevent co-circulation of old and new notes and continued use of vending machines, automated teller machines, change machines, and Federal Reserve Bank sorting and authentication sensors and equipment. Design modifications to the note should not reduce circulation life or produce environmental hazards, either in manufacture, during circulation, or at the time of disposal.
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Interpol, an international police organization composed of 169 member countries, rarely encounters counterfeit notes of currencies that have incorporated sophisticated security features. Most of the counterfeit cases they are investigating deal with U.S.
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They were considered as a generic class unless a specific implementation exhibited highly advantageous characteristics. The overall effectiveness of an individual feature was determined by two primary considerations: resistance against technical threat arid technical success probability.
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For example, visual and tactile recognizability is much more important than machine readability when considering detection by the person on the street, whereas the opposite is true when considering machine validation. In a similar manner, the inherent resistance to copying addresses all levels of counterfeiter expertise, from unskilled to highly skilled, while the resistance to simulation targets those individuals willing to perform at least one additional step (the serious hackers and professionals)
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Also, these features, though effective against casual counterfeiters, can be easily simulated by even semiprofessional counterfeiters. Metallized or specular reflecting features also offer deterrent protection against casual copying.
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Future banknote designs should also incorporate additional visible features to serve as deterrents against counterfeiting and as a means for rapid visual authentication. If analysis shows it is cost effective to do so, some of these overt features could be incorporated into a banknote and their existence not publicly disclosed until they are needed to thwart a new counterfeiting threat.
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Longer-term plans for advanced deterrents should include additional development and understanding of the following features: · diffraction-based holograms and related devices; · embedded zero-order diffraction gratings; laminated paper substrates with selected features; metallic or specular woven security features; · optical fibers embedded in the substrate; and · random pattern encryption methods. For the far term, the BEP should continually assess fundamental advances in the chemical, applied physical, and biological sciences for developments that are applicable to innovative deterrent features.
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The Department of Treasury should investigate the cost effectiveness of requiring source identification (e.g., machine serial numbers) to be embedded in images produced by new copier and printer systems that are capable of producing quality color counterfeit banknotes.
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10 COUNTERFEIT DETERRENT FEATURES Finally, the Department of Treasury should continuously gather data from other nations as to the effectiveness and durability of features such as color-shifting inks and holograms that have been incorporated into their currency.
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1992. Comments by Special Agent James Brown and Special Agent Craig Einsel, U.S.
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