Dual-Use Technologies and Export Control in the Post-Cold War Era (1994) / Chapter Skim
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A Conceptual Approach to Addressing Dual-Use Technologies: A Framework for U.S.-Russian Dialogue
A Conceptual Approach to Addressing Dual-Use Technologies: A Framework for U.S.-Russian Dialogue
Pages 123-130
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From page 123... ...
Turning to our dialogue on dual-use technologies, an important objective would seem to be to building confidence that nations are using advanced technologies in ways they say they are using them and are not clandestinely diverting technologies earmarked for civilian applications to military applications. Given the diversity of technologies with dual-use applications, there are many opportunities for mistaken suspicions about motivations of other countries, and steps that encourage as much transparency as possible without compromising legitimate restrictions on military activities would be very welcome.
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From page 124... ...
How does this ever-broadening concept of national security relate to confidence building? Very simply, confidence must be instilled in many more parties than in the cast.
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From page 125... ...
Thus, concerns increase over the possibility of diversion, and particularly clandestine diversion, to military purposes of technologies which have been developed, produced, or sold on the assumption that they will be used only for civilian purposes. The United States and Russia have considerable experience in developing and applying advanced technologies for military systems, including many technologies which are also of current or potential civilian importance.
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From page 126... ...
Recently, international attention has been directed to skills related to nuclear weapons, and more specifically to the possible migration of Russian nuclear weapons scientists to other countries attempting to develop their own nuclear capabilities. This activity also encompasses skills involved in the development of non-nuclear weapons of mass destruction, command and control systems, and high precision weapons.
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From page 127... ...
Of course many countries will continue to support classified military research programs, but classification should be directed primarily to the applied aspect of research. International cooperation provides an excellent vehicle for promoting openness in basic research, but even the results of research programs that do not involve international cooperation should be disseminated broadly both to benefit science and also to instill confidence in the peaceful motivations for basic research.
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From page 128... ...
At the same time, military authorities usually retain an interest in old military production facilities even as they begin conversion, lest changes in military requirements call for reconversion to meet new military demands: This tendency underscores the importance of persuasive economic evidence that conversion activities are genuine and permanent. The economic aspects of converting military production facilities to civilian oriented facilities are complicated even in the West, where a market economy is the way of life.
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From page 129... ...
Since these technologies have so many civilian applications throughout industrialized economies, on-site verification schemes need to be carefully designed to avoid unacceptable intrusiveness. As previously noted, perhaps technological choke points or specialized technical skills can be identified and can serve as primary targets for verification activities.
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From page 130... ...
A joint review of existing national and international lists of technologies that are now considered to be militarily sensitive should be helpful in clarifying the concerns in the two countries and in reaching a common level of understanding of the types of technologies which are of special interest. SETTING THE STAGE FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES Following discussions of the foregoing topics, specialists from the two countries should be in a much better position to determine the desirability and feasibility of more concerted national and international efforts to address the spread of high technology products developed for civilian purposes but with important military applications as well.
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