Dual-Use Technologies and Export Control in the Post-Cold War Era (1994) / Chapter Skim
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American Contribution for the Joint Paper of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Sciences Working Groups on Structural (Functional) Materials
American Contribution for the Joint Paper of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Sciences Working Groups on Structural (Functional) Materials
Pages 77-86
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From page 77... ...
which assumed active attempts by agencies ofthe Soviet Union to divert sophisticated technology. Organizational arrangements range from product control lists, extensive export licensing procedures and strict enforcement mechanisms, to rigid physical controls *
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From page 78... ...
The cooperation of Russians can be a powerful factor in the export control equation. If the Russians can demonstrate their ability and willingness to work with Western governments, vendors, and users in keeping sophisticated technologies from being diverted to military uses or restricted destination countries, it is possible that the iron-clad controls of the past can be eased to the benefit of commerce, scientific progress, and the Russian transition to a viable market economy.
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From page 79... ...
micro- and optoelectronic and electrotechnical ceramics and ceramic composites for substrates, · ablating ceramics and ceramic composites; High performance refractory metal alloys; High temperature capability/highly oxidation resistant alloys and composites; Lightweight/high temperature capability intermetallic and composites components; Metal matrix composites; Carbon/carbon structures; Resin matrix composites of over 300°C capability (thermo stability enhancement additives and stabilizers) ; Electronics of organic materials, including · organic and elementoorganic ferromagnets; composites; coatings, devices, and instruments with their application; polyfunctional polymers, conducting polymers and their composites, carbon containing materials, and clusters; second and higher order non-linearity materials - molecular and polymeric; gas transducers based on organic semiconductors, transducers of physical values and radiation; oligo- and polyorganosilsesquioxanes and elementoc~r~anosilse~allinx~ne binders and film forming materials; synthetic metals and organic superconductors · theoretical investigation and design ot organic functional materials; Molecular electronics, including biomolecular sensors; molecular electronic elements; langmuir-Blodgett films and layers; Inorganic and organic materials for high performance non-linear optics; and Directional and single crystal components.
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From page 80... ...
HPSM Products Enablers In addition to the product enablers cited above, it is often necessary to develop attachment methods for joining non-fusion weldable or reconciling differences in thermal expansion properties. Diffusion bonding, high temperature adhesives, and Tow fusion processes such as laser technology are therefore an integral part of HPSM product realization.
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From page 81... ...
Low ductility, anisotropic properties, and mechanical attachment to dissimilar materials are examples of the system's required design expertise. Thus, the development of the enabling process and design technology that enable product benefits to be realized is characteristic of HPSM.
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From page 82... ...
Our Russian colleagues inform us that the following Russian Academy of Sciences institutes are leaders in materials science: Department of Electronics of Organic Materials, RAS, Moscow; Institute of Electrochemistry, RAS, Moscow; Institute of Organo-Element Compounds, RAS, Moscow; loins Non-Linear Optics Laboratory of Electrophysical Institute, Ural Division of RAS at Technical University of Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk; Institute of Spectroscopy, RAS, Troitsk, Moscow Region; Institute of Organometallic Compounds, RAS, Nizhnii Novgorod; Institute of Crystallography, RAS, Moscow; Institute of Solid State Physics, RAS, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region; Kazan Physical Technical Institute, RAS, Kazan, Tatarstan; General Physics Institute, RAS, Moscow; Institute of Chemical Physics, RAS, Moscow; loffe Physical-Technical Institute, RAS, St. Petersburg; Shemyakin Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, RAS, Moscow; Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems, RAS, Moscow.
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From page 83... ...
It requires special equipment, the purchase of which can be noted, its location identified, and its usage monitored, perhaps on a random basis. Another leading indicator for the manufacturing of HPSM's is the use of specific, property-enhancing alloying elements, usually non-commodity materials such as boron, hainium, ultra fine carbon fibers, etc.
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From page 84... ...
However, it may be that this requirement could be the subject of some innovative R&D, the object of which would be to design a direct recording device, capable of instantly reading out the hardness, approximate strength, elastic properties, surface chemical composition, presence of specific elements, and absorption spectrum via a surface contact probe. The development of such a device should be well within the capabilities of scientists at NIST and equivalent institutions in Russia, and might form an appropriate collaborative program.
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From page 85... ...
in other words, HPSMs will continue to be produced principally for military purposes rather than for commercial purposes. A Possible Transition Mode} for Hard to Soft HPSM Control Many oftoday's complex commercial containing HPSM also have major content of non-strategic materials and related technologies.
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