Gene Drives on the Horizon Advancing Science, Navigating Uncertainty, and Aligning Research with Public Values (2016) / Chapter Skim
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3 Case Studies to Examine Questions About Gene-Drive Modified Organisms
3 Case Studies to Examine Questions About Gene-Drive Modified Organisms
Pages 49-62
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From page 49... ...
Given these and other technical and regulatory challenges (discussed in detail in the other chapters) , predictions about how gene drives might be used need to be treated critically.
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Many plants have seeds that remain dormant in the soil for tens to hundreds of years, providing a genetic repository that cannot be reached by a gene drive until the seeds finally germinate and reproduce. CASE STUDY 1: USING AEDES AEGYPTI AND AEDES ALBOPICTUS MOSQUITOES TO MANAGE DENGUE Objective Establish gene drives in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitos to control the spread of dengue throughout the world.
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Plagens Basic Research Developing a vertebrate model for gene drive 7 research using Danio rerio zebrafish Danio rerio Credit: Monte Westerfield Current Mitigation Efforts Prevention of dengue relies entirely on vector control, mostly through ultra-low volume spraying of insecticides. Insecticide resistance is challenging the efficacy of such dengue vector control methods using currently available chemicals.
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CASE STUDY 2: USING ANOPHELES GAMBIAE MOSQUITOES TO COMBAT HUMAN MALARIA Objective Create gene drives in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes to reduce the spread of human malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. 3 For details, see http://www.eliminatedengue.com/progress.
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Nonetheless, the antiPlasmodium and the female sterility gene drive approaches theoretically have the potential to eliminate malaria in sub-Saharan African villages where malaria is endemic. CASE STUDY 3: USING CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS MOSQUITOES TO COMBAT AVIAN MALARIA IN HAWAII Objective Create gene drives in southern house mosquitoes, Culex quinquefasciatus, to reduce the spread of avian malaria to threatened and endangered honeycreeper birds in the Hawaiian Islands.
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The southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, is the primary mosquito vector of Plasmodium relictum in Hawaii.The displacement and extinction of native birds has greatly impacted ecological systems and biodiversity in Hawaii, and climate change threatens to expand mosquito ranges into higher elevations, thereby presenting greater harm to bird populations at these elevations. Current Mitigation Efforts Prevention of avian malaria transmission has historically been through interventions that target mosquito vector populations using insecticide spraying and larval source management.
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called the t-complex. In this scenario, male mice are genetically engineered to possess the Sry gene, which promotes male characteristics (Goodfellow and Lovell-Badge, 1993)
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, meaning that there is little or no self-fertilization and that gene drives would be able to spread throughout knapweed populations. Another factor that makes it potentially suitable for a gene drive is that the basis for its ability to outcompete native plants is thought to come from the production of a compound called catechin (Thelen et al., 2005)
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(Steckel, 2007) , which ensures the outcrossing necessary to spread gene drives.
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Given the fundamental differences between vertebrates and invertebrates, a vertebrate species for gene drive research will be needed to address a variety of fundamental research topics before using gene drives in other vertebrate animals, particularly those intended for release into the environment; and also potentially to make comparisons with gene drive mechanisms in invertebrates. Current Mitigation Efforts 7 A mouse could also potentially be a candidate vertebrate model for gene drive research.
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The zebrafish provides an outstanding model to address basic research questions about gene drives in a vertebrate species for many reasons (Shah and Moens, 2016)
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2015. Gene Drives in Rodents for Invasive Species Control [Webinar]
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2009. Stable introduction of a life-shortening Wolbachia infection into the mosquito Aedes aegypti.
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2001. Centaurea maculosa.
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