Improving the Health of Women in the United States Workshop Summary (2016) / Chapter Skim
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2 Institutional Factors That Influence Differences in Women's Health Outcomes
2 Institutional Factors That Influence Differences in Women's Health Outcomes
Pages 13-26
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From page 13... ...
Access to medical health care is one of the key components in health, Salganicoff noted, but she said that other health care services to women -- beyond what actually takes place in doctors' offices -- are also important to health outcomes. An examination of access issues would include insurance coverage, the range of services that women need, and how they use the available service.
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From page 14... ...
She referred to a 2014 survey conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation (unpublished) that looked at why the uninsured remained uninsured.
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From page 15... ...
Many of these services, such as Pap tests to screen for cervical cancer and mammograms to screen for breast cancer, as well as blood pressure, cholesterol, and colon cancer screening, are critical to women's health outcomes. The 2013 Kaiser Women's Health Survey (unpublished)
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From page 16... ...
One in five women of reproductive age is not using any contraception, which is the reason for the high unintended pregnancy rate in the United States relative to other countries. About onehalf of pregnancies are unintended pregnancies, and they tend to result in poorer outcomes, perhaps starting with delayed initiation of prenatal care.
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From page 17... ...
Research has shown that women experience double the rates of serious psychological distress of men. Yet only 41 percent reported that they discussed a mental health issue, such as depression or anxiety, with their health care provider in the past 3 years (unpublished Kaiser Family Foundation survey)
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From page 18... ...
women are associated with cigarette smoking: lung cancer is the number one cancer killer of women. It is important to note that although smoking rates are plateauing, women develop lung cancer with less smoking than do men.
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From page 19... ...
And women who provided 36 or more hours of care weekly to a disabled spouse were almost 6 times more likely than noncaregivers to experience depressive symptoms. Caregivers were also 2.5 times more likely than non-caregivers to live in poverty and to receive supplemental security income (from the Social Security Administration)
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From page 20... ...
Johnson said that research shows that women who have experienced domestic violence are 80 percent more likely to have a stroke, 70 percent more likely to have heart disease, 60 percent more likely to have asthma, and 70 percent more likely to drink heavily than women who have not experienced intimate partner violence (Centers for Disease Control, 2008)
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From page 21... ...
in the health of populations, along with reductions in per capita costs of health care.1 In closing, Johnson observed that the advancement of the idea of precision medicine in the health care delivery system requires sensitivity to gender issues. Discussion A workshop participant inquired about the status of the important research on caregiving as a risk factor.
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From page 22... ...
Bird (RAND) reported on current research that is mapping differences in quality of care using the HEDIS measures that focus on cardiovascular disease and diabetes to understand why women receive poorer quality care than men.
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From page 23... ...
In 2013, for the first time, the state saw the same rates of women dying from heart disease as men. To understand this trend, RAND mapped gender gaps in care based on data from the California health plan (Bird et al., 2014)
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From page 24... ...
For one thing, analysis of the gender gap by race and ethnicity faces an obstacle in that health plan data do not generally include data on race and ethnicity; consequently, investigators have had to develop algorithms for interpolating race data. Bird speculated that these beginning analytical efforts may be enhanced by the new NIH Institute for Minority Health and Health Disparities.
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From page 25... ...
Today, the money that goes to research on breast cancer research is three times more than the money that goes to all research on heart disease. A participant suggested that it would be useful to engage editors and reviewers of research-based papers in focusing on the influence of gender.
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