Improving the Health of Women in the United States Workshop Summary (2016) / Chapter Skim
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1 The Relative Health Disadvantage of U.S. Women
1 The Relative Health Disadvantage of U.S. Women
Pages 1-12
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Health in International Perspective: Shorter Lives, Poorer Health (National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, 2013) found that, across many measures, the health of women in the United States was significantly worse than the health of women in many other highincome countries.
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The United States also rates poorly on most other birth outcomes, such as low birth weight and the fact that American children are less likely to live to the age of 5 than children in other high-income countries. Clayton stressed that it is important to take a multifaceted approach to these complex topics.
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Mortality in the United States can be classified as falling into three big categories: noncommunicable diseases, communicable diseases, and injuries. Noncommunicable diseases include chronic diseases, such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes.
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women incur the disadvantage. Figure 1-2 shows the pattern in life expectancy at birth for females beginning in 1980: the dark dots represent the United States, and the light dots are the comparison countries.
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The peak in male smoking in the United States in the post-World War II period preceded the peak for female smoking.
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Drug poisoning deaths are now competing with motor vehicle crashes as the leading cause of unintentional injury deaths in the United States. It is important to distinguish this trend from intentional drug oisoning -- p
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. Cardiovascular disease Other diseases Neoplasms of digestive and respiratory systems, liver and pancreas Suicide Respiratory infection and disease Liver, gallbladder, and kidney disease Diabetes, anemia, and nutritional disorders Accidental poisoning All other neoplasms and malignancies Transport accidents All other accidents Infectious and parasitic disease Homicide 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Death rate per 100,000 per year FIGURE 1-4 Trends in death rates for nonwhite, non-Hispanic women aged 15-54, 1999 and 2011.
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That is, although the United States spends relatively more on health services than the other countries, it spends relatively far less on social services and, overall, it has worse health outcomes. The countries that spend relatively more on social services (above the OECD average)
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women might have implications for the next generation, who are being raised by those women. For this reason, he summarized, coming to an understanding of the cause of the growing health disadvantage for white women in the United States in comparison with their peers in other high-income countries will be important for understanding the factors that likely affect women of all races and ethnicities in the country.
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Another participant asked about the role of cigarette smoking, which was mentioned, relative to such other factors as physical activity or dietary factors that may contribute to the obesity epidemic that is important in terms of health outcomes and mortality. Woolf responded that it is important to think about all five domains -- health systems, health behaviors, socioeconomic conditions, physical and social environment, and public policies and social values.
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However, the report did look across the five domains -- including the fifth domain of the nature of the macrostructural environment in those other countries -- and to the extent possible with the available data, listed their public policies, social services, investments in supporting families and early childhood development, and other social services. Generally, the panel concluded that the countries that are doing better than the United States in health outcomes -- for both women and men -- generally have far more robust social service and related programs and policies than those in the United States.
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