Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership Fifth Report (2017) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 17-32
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From page 17... ...
. The combination of increased tight oil production and higher fuel efficiency for vehicles leads to EIA projecting declines in oil imports from 24 percent of demand in 2015 to 19 percent of demand in 2040 under EIA's reference case (EIA, 2016; Sieminski, 2016)
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Hence, an important part of the nation's approach to reducing GHG emissions from light-duty vehicles is to improve automotive technology in a variety of ways that lead to higher fuel economy vehicles that are affordable.
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Council for Automotive Research (USCAR) .1 The PNGV sought to improve the nation's competitiveness significantly in the manufacture of future generations of vehicles, to implement commercially viable innovations emanating from ongoing research on conventional vehicles, and to develop vehicles that achieve up to three times the fuel efficiency of comparable 1994 family sedans (DOE, 2004a,b,c; NRC, 2001; PNGV, 1995; The White House, 1993)
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From page 20... ...
The FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership2 was established to address these challenges and to advance the technologies enough so that a decision on the commercial viability of hydrogen vehicles could be made by 2015. As the Obama administration took office in early 2009 a redirection began to take place, with reduced R&D on hydrogen and fuel cell vehicles and increased attention directed toward technologies for the use of electricity to power light-duty vehicles, with emphasis on plug-in electric vehicles, including plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs)
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From page 21... ...
By bringing together technical experts and providing a framework for frequent and regular interaction, the Partnership provides a forum for discussing precompetitive, technology-specific R&D needs, identifies possible solutions, and evaluates progress toward jointly developed technical goals. Its frequent communication among partners also helps to identify potential duplication of efforts and increases the chances of successful commercialization of publicly funded R&D.4 Most of the committee's review of technology development is focused on the DOE precompetitive R&D programs in the Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO)
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From page 22... ...
DRIVE Partnership. Industry has taken the lead in the development of fuel cell and plug-in electric vehicles (BEVs and PHEVs)
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From page 23... ...
regulations have increased and are projected to further increase the average miles per gallon (mpg) for light-duty vehicles and reduce GHG emissions, while federal emissions standards have led to a dramatic decrease in criteria vehicle emissions per mile traveled.7 The increasing levels of CAFE standards have created a need for advanced automotive technologies that will increase the relevance of the precompetitive R&D directed at technology development in the U.S.
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The availability of low-cost natural gas and initiatives by states to promote renewable electric power technologies is leading to lower GHG emissions from the electric power sector. This will affect the full fuel cycle GHG emissions from plug-in electric vehicles.
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In addition, a limited number of vehicles with electrified power trains using fuel cells and hydrogen stored on board are being made available. For example, Toyota has made the fuel cell vehicle Mirai available in California and plans on a production run of 3,000 in 2017, and it plans on a smaller fuel cell vehicle by 2019 in Japan, anticipating that it could be selling 30,000 vehicles per year globally by 2020 (Voelcker, 2016)
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From page 26... ...
The figure shows how the human driver and the system execute the various functions of the vehicle: steering and acceleration/deceleration; monitoring the driving environment; fallback performance of the dynamic driving task; and the system capability for various driving modes. Clearly, these levels will occur in stages, with level 1 already occurring in new vehicles.
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From page 27... ...
monitors the driving environment The driving mode-specific performance by an automated driving system Conditional Some driving of all aspects of the dynamic driving task with the expectation that the System System Human driver 3 Automation modes human driver will respond appropriately to a request to intervene The driving mode-specific performance by an automated driving system High Some driving of all aspects of the dynamic driving task, even if a human driver does not System System System 4 Automation modes respond appropriately to a request to intervene The full-time performance by an automated driving system of all aspects Full All driving of the dynamic driving task under all roadway and environmental System System System 5 Automation modes conditions that can be managed by a human driver FIGURE 1-1 Levels of automation for on-road vehicles. SOURCE: SAE International, Standard J3016: Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to On-Road Motor Vehicle Automated Driving 27 Systems, http://www.sae.org/autodrive, 2014.
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concerns the transition, when the CAVs must share the limited roadway space with human drivers. The automated vehicles (always rational, attentive, and unemotional)
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5. Examine and comment on the Partnership's strategy for accomplishing its goals, especially in the context of ongoing developments across the portfolio of advanced vehicle technologies (e.g., biofuels, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, electric vehicles)
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2009. "Addendum to the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership Plan to Integrate Electric Utility Industry Representatives." Washington, D.C.: U.S.
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2011a. Assessment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles.
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2016. US DRIVE, Driving Research and Innovation for Vehicle Efficiency and Energy Sustainability: Partnership Plan.
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