Revisiting Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area (2020) / Chapter Skim
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4 Scientific Progress and New Research Tools
4 Scientific Progress and New Research Tools
Pages 65-82
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From page 65... ...
Brucellae primarily replicate within macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and placental trophoblasts using different survival strategies; however, the pathogen has the ability to replicate in a wide variety of additional mammalian cell types, including epithelial cells and endothelial cells. The intracellular growth and survival of Brucella in specialized compartments limits exposure to the host immune responses, sequesters the organism from the effects of some antibiotics, and is responsible for the unique features of pathology in infected hosts (Anderson and Cheville, 1986; Myeni et al., 2013; Celli and Tsolis, 2015; de Figueiredo et al., 2015)
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From page 66... ...
. After entering the host, Brucella foils host protective responses by evading the so-called innate immune responses (Barquero-Calvo et al., 2007; Carvalho Neta et al., 2008; Gorvel, 2008; de Jong et al., 2010; Gomes et al., 2012; Rossetti et al., 2012; von Bargen et al., 2012)
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From page 67... ...
abortus strain 19 (S19) vaccine compared to 58% of pregnant vaccinated bison (Davis et al., 1991)
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From page 68... ...
Nevertheless, multiplex PCR assays -- such as the "AMOS" test, the "Bruce Ladder," and more recent modifications of these tests -- can differentiate multiple Brucella species and biovars and can differentiate both S19 and RB51 strains from wild type B abortus (Bricker et al., 2003; López-Goñi et al., 2008; Kang et al., 2011)
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From page 69... ...
For these reasons, the western blot is not the best routine assay for detecting Brucellainfected elk. 2.4 Elk Testing and Interpretation The BAPA test is the best alternative among existing and commonly used Brucella diagnostic assays to screen elk serum for Brucella antibodies, as indicated by data on sensitivity and specificity of various routinely used Brucella antibody detection assays (CT, rivanol, standard plate, CF, and BAPA)
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From page 70... ...
. Initial validation data provide proof of principle that synthetic oligosaccharides representing the capping M-epitope of the side chain can provide excellent specificity in discriminating antibodies against various Brucella species as well as Y
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Immune responses are manifested as antibodies and interferon (IFN) -γ, a product of the immune system's T lymphocytes, known as a cytokine, important for controlling brucellosis.
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To do this, tools are needed to identify and measure the cells and molecules involved in elk immune responses; however, those tools currently do not exist. 3.3 Vaccination of Bison Both B
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Bison were challenged via the conjunctival route with virulent wild type B abortus strain 2308.
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From page 74... ...
. Genes of a pathogen can be interrogated by a process known as reverse vaccinology to identify their potential to induce immune responses in their host, and this has been applied to the Brucella genomes (He and Xiang, 2010; He, 2012; Gomez et al., 2013a,b; Vishnu et al., 2015)
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abortus than in 1998, there continue to be major gaps in understanding infection biology and molecular pathogenesis of brucellosis in each host. New tools and reagents are needed to gain a basic understanding of the uniqueness of the elk immune system response to Brucella to develop elk specific vaccines.
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2000. Safety of Brucella abortus strain RB51 in bull elk.
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2013b. Immunogenic and invasive properties of Brucella melitensis 16M outer membrane protein vaccine candidates identified via a reverse vaccinology approach.
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2002. Brucella abortus strain RB51 vaccination in elk.
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2006. Immune responses of elk to initial and booster vaccinations with Brucella abortus strain RB51 or 19.
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from Yellowstone National Park. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 30(3)
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1995. Comparative analysis of immune responses in cattle vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain 19 or strain RB51.
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2013. CD4+ T cell-derived IL-10 promotes Brucella abortus persistence via modulation of macrophage function.
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