Advancing Automated and Connected Vehicles: Policy and Planning Strategies for State and Local Transportation Agencies (2017) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 96-151
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From page 96... ...
96 A p p e n d i x Viability Assessments
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From page 97... ...
97 ENACT LEGISLATION TO LEGALIZE AV TESTING Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Eff ec ti ve ne ss If the strategy is economic, how well does it internalize external costs into private actors' decision making? 1=not at all likely, 5=extremely likely N/A Quite a few states have proclaimed the legality of AVs, but few have attracted private companies.
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From page 98... ...
98 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Po liti ca l Are any politically powerful stakeholders likely to oppose the strategy? 1=extremely likely, 5=extremely unlikely 2 Unless a state passes many additional regulations, simply legalizing or supporting testing is unlikely to result in pushback from stakeholders.
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From page 99... ...
99 ENACT LEGISLATION TO STIMULATE CV OR AV TESTING THROUGH DIRECT FUNDING Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Eff ec ti ve ne ss If the strategy is economic, how well does it internalize external costs into private actors' decision making? 1=not at all likely, 5=extremely likely 3 This strategy would provide a Pigouvian subsidy to state and local governments for a good (V2I)
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From page 100... ...
100 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Po liti ca l Are any politically powerful stakeholders likely to oppose the strategy? 1=extremely likely, 5=extremely unlikely 2 Funding is commonly a contentious subject in legislative bodies, and any policy that requires it will likely meet some level of resistance.
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From page 101... ...
101 MODIFY DRIVER TRAINING STANDARDS AND CURRICULA Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale E f fe ct iv en e s s If the strategy is economic, how well does it internalize external costs into private actors' decision making? 1=not at all likely, 5=extremely likely N/A The desired policy outcome is correct and safe use of CV and AV technologies by drivers.
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From page 102... ...
102 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale O pe r a tio na l How disruptive is implementation of the strategy to the implementing agency? 1=very disruptive, 5=not at all disruptive 1 Altering driver training and licensing requirements for AV Level 3 vehicles will require significant restructuring of driver training and of licensing requirements and testing.
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103 INCREASE PUBLIC AWARENESS OF BENEFITS AND RISKS Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Eff ec ti ve ne ss If the strategy is economic, how well does it internalize external costs into private actors' decision making? 1=not at all likely, 5=extremely likely N/A Public outreach and education by itself is not an economic strategy, but it can include information about an economic strategy.
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104 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale How likely is the strategy to result in an unfair distribution of benefits across society? 1=extremely likely, 5=extremely unlikely 5 how to access these technologies.
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From page 105... ...
105 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Does the agency workforce have the necessary skills and knowledge to implement the strategy? 1=does not have skills and knowledge, 5=skill-and knowledge-ready to implement 4 responsible workforce should be knowledgeable and possess the skill sets to be as innovative as the technology.
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106 SUBSIDIZE SHARED AV USE If the strategy is economic, how well does it internalize external costs into private actors' decision making? 1=not at all likely, 5=extremely likely 2 Based on what is currently happening with TNCs, it seems likely that the strategy is not needed to encourage SAV alternatives to AVs.
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107 Are any politically powerful stakeholders likely to oppose the strategy? 1=extremely likely, 5=extremely unlikely 2 The taxi or livery industries may oppose the strategy for the same reasons that they currently oppose TNCs.
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108 IMPLEMENT TRANSIT BENEFITS Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale If the strategy is economic, how well does it internalize external costs into private actors' decision making? 1=not at all likely, 5=extremely likely 3 Transit benefits are not by themselves particularly successful in increasing transit use because use depends much more heavily on service provision and user convenience.
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From page 109... ...
109 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale driving and riding in an SAV might also affect their use; if an SAV functioned like a shared-ride taxi service, picking up riders at multiple origins and dropping them off at multiple destinations, the additional time could be a detriment to adoption for all commute trips. (Some of this additional time could be offset by the ability to use the time in vehicle for other purposes, but riders might have other trips for which speed is important and would therefore prefer to travel alone.)
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110 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale accept this strategy? 1=extremely unlikely, 5=extremely likely this score, over time the groups might become antagonistic if they view each other as competitors for the same riders.
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From page 111... ...
111 IMPLEMENT A PARKING CASH-OUT STRATEGY Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Ef fe ct iv en es s If the strategy is economic, how well does it internalize external costs into private actors' decision making? 1=not at all likely, 5=extremely likely 2 While parking cash-out has been fairly successful where adopted, its success also depends on the availability of other commute options.
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From page 112... ...
112 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale 1=extremely likely, 5=extremely unlikely who participate in a parking cash-out program, it is possible that participants may pay more for alternate options than their parking cash-out is worth. In theory, people could compare their cash-out amount to their out-of-pocket cost for alternate modes and accept cash-out only if it saves them money, but the cost of the alternate mode might increase over time while the cash-out amount might not.
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113 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Does implementing the strategy require new infrastructure or adaptations to existing infrastructure? 1=new infrastructure, 3=adapting infrastructure, 5=neither 4 employers give up parking spaces that they cannot re-lease to others or use as short-term paid parking.
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From page 114... ...
114 IMPLEMENT LOCATION-EFFICIENT MORTGAGES Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Eff ec ti ve ne ss If the strategy is economic, how well does it internalize external costs into private actors' decision making? 1=not at all likely, 5=extremely likely 1 Price is undoubtedly an important component of home buying decisions, but there is no evidence that LEMs make a major difference.
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From page 115... ...
115 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale the homeowner may have a larger mortgage payment than with a conventional mortgage if they purchase a larger house but spend the same amount on transportation than they would have (e.g., the homeowner might have been willing to take transit even if he/she bought a house outside the LEM zone)
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116 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Does the agency workforce have the necessary skills and knowledge to implement the strategy? 1=does not have skills and knowledge, 5=skill-and knowledge-ready to implement 2 determine the amount a prospective home buyer can borrow.
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117 IMPLEMENT LAND USE POLICIES -- TOD Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Eff ec ti ve ne ss If the strategy is economic, how well does it internalize external costs into private actors' decision making? 1=not at all likely, 5=extremely likely N/A TOD is not an economic strategy but a planning tool that can help to create a built environment that may incentivize developers and mobility providers to provide and incorporate SAVs with transit.
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From page 118... ...
118 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Eq ui ty How likely is the strategy to increase costs or place burden on low-income or other socially disadvantaged groups? 1=extremely likely, 5=extremely unlikely 3 Using TOD to support SAVs can improve access to transit and activity centers, creating the potential to provide broad economic and environmental benefits.
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From page 119... ...
119 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale O pe ra ti on al How disruptive is implementation of the strategy to the implementing agency? 1=very disruptive, 5=not at all disruptive 4 TOD strategies have been implemented in many cities for years, and there is an existing institutional, technical, and financial foundation that can be used to guide future efforts to incorporate SAV into these strategies.
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120 IMPLEMENT LAND USE POLICIES -- REDUCED PARKING REQUIREMENTS Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Eff ec ti ve ne ss If the strategy is economic, how well does it internalize external costs into private actors' decision making? 1=not at all likely, 5=extremely likely N/A Reduced parking requirements are associated with decreasing the costs of development for TOD and smart growth projects.
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From page 121... ...
121 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Po liti ca l Are any politically powerful stakeholders likely to oppose the strategy? 1=extremely likely, 5=extremely unlikely 2 Developers and property owners who benefit from parking revenue or existing development patterns may oppose a shift away from existing parking policy.
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From page 122... ...
122 APPLY ROAD USE PRICING -- STATE-LEVEL ROAD USER CHARGES Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Eff ec ti ve ne ss If the strategy is economic, how well does it internalize external costs into private actors' decision making? 1=not at all likely, 5=extremely likely 5 Pricing represents one of the best policy actions for internalizing the external costs associated with transportation.
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123 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Po liti ca l Are any politically powerful stakeholders likely to oppose the strategy? 1=extremely likely, 5=extremely unlikely 2 RUCs are among the most unpopular of pricing applications.
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124 APPLY ROAD USE PRICING -- FACILITY PRICING Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Ef fe ct iv en es s If the strategy is economic, how well does it internalize external costs into private actors' decision making? 1=not at all likely, 5=extremely likely 4 Pricing in general represents one of the best policy actions for internalizing the external costs associated with transportation.
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125 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale 1=extremely likely, 5=extremely unlikely Furthermore, reduced congestion may lead to improvements in air quality, which benefit society as a whole. Po lit ic al Are any politically powerful stakeholders likely to oppose the strategy?
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126 APPLY ROAD USE PRICING -- CORDON PRICING Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Ef fe ct iv en es s If the strategy is economic, how well does it internalize external costs into private actors' decision making? 1=not at all likely, 5=extremely likely 3 Pricing in general represents one of the best policy actions for internalizing the external costs associated with transportation.
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From page 127... ...
127 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Po lit ic al Are any politically powerful stakeholders likely to oppose the strategy? 1=extremely likely, 5=extremely unlikely 1 Pricing is generally opposed by the public since it results in additional travel costs.
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128 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale What is the overall scale of the technical, institutional, political, or financial challenge to implementing the strategy? 1=many challenges, 5=no challenges 2
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129 APPLY ROAD USE PRICING -- PARKING PRICING Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Ef fe ct iv en es s If the strategy is economic, how well does it internalize external costs into private actors' decision making? 1=not at all likely, 5=extremely likely 2 Pricing in general represents one of the best policy actions for internalizing the external costs associated with transportation.
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From page 130... ...
130 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Po lit ic al Are any politically powerful stakeholders likely to oppose the strategy? 1=extremely likely, 5=extremely unlikely 3 Pricing is generally opposed by the public since it results in additional travel costs.
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From page 131... ...
131 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale What is the overall scale of the technical, institutional, political, or financial challenge to implementing the strategy? 1=many challenges, 5=no challenges 3
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132 IMPLEMENT A NO-FAULT INSURANCE APPROACH Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Eff ec ti ve ne ss If the strategy is economic, how well does it internalize external costs into private actors' decision making? 1=not at all likely, 5=extremely likely 1 State-level no-fault automobile insurance would likely accomplish goals of clarifying assignment of liability and, depending on the statutory language, reducing or eliminating manufacturer liability.
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From page 133... ...
133 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale How likely are decision makers to accept this strategy? 1=extremely unlikely, 5=extremely likely 2 O pe ra ti on al How disruptive is implementation of the strategy to the implementing agency?
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134 REQUIRE MOTORISTS TO CARRY MORE INSURANCE Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Ef fe ct iv en es s If the strategy is economic, how well does it internalize external costs into private actors' decision making? 1=not at all likely, 5=extremely likely 5 The economic effectiveness of eliminating the existing negative externality would be very high with the use of this strategy.
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From page 135... ...
135 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale How likely are decision makers to accept this strategy? 1=extremely unlikely, 5=extremely likely 4 approach, the general public may oppose this strategy because it will result in an increase in their insurance costs, at least in the short term.
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From page 136... ...
136 Does the agency workforce have the necessary skills and knowledge to implement the strategy? 1=does not have skills and knowledge, 5=skill-and knowledge-ready to implement 5 Does implementing the strategy require new infrastructure or adaptations to existing infrastructure?
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137 SUBSIDIZE CV-EQUIPPED VEHICLES Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Eff ec ti ve ne ss If the strategy is economic, how well does it internalize external costs into private actors' decision making? 1=not at all likely, 5=extremely likely 4 The subsidy strategy for CV technologies will enable stakeholders to internalize the costs associated with the externalities that have been identified by responding to a specific price signal that encourages the adoption of this technology.
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From page 138... ...
138 O pe ra ti on al How disruptive is implementation of the strategy to the implementing agency? 1=very disruptive, 5=not at all disruptive 3 Implementing a subsidy program would not be disruptive to USDOT or to vehicle OEMs since it would not involve any governing structures that have not been implemented in the past.
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139 INVEST IN CV INFRASTRUCTURE Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Eff ec ti ve ne ss If the strategy is economic, how well does it internalize external costs into private actors' decision making? 1=not at all likely, 5=extremely likely NA CV infrastructure funding is marginally likely to affect the overall development of CV technologies and is unlikely to have unintended consequences.
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From page 140... ...
140 O pe ra ti on al How disruptive is implementation of the strategy to the implementing agency? 1=very disruptive, 5=not at all disruptive 4 Funding of CV infrastructure is unlikely to be disruptive and could easily be managed by existing resources within USDOT; however, the scale for CV infrastructure deployment is potentially massive.Does implementing the strategy require new or complex governing structures?
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From page 141... ...
141 GRANT AV- AND CV-EQUIPPED VEHICLES PRIVILEGED ACCESS TO DEDICATED LANES Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Eff ec ti ve ne ss If the strategy is economic, how well does it internalize external costs into private actors' decision making? 1=not at all likely, 5=extremely likely N/A If the intent is to increase market penetration of equipped vehicles, success will depend on road operators' willingness to dedicate lanes to AVs and CVs.
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142 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale How likely are decision makers to accept this strategy? 1=extremely unlikely, 5=extremely likely 5 O pe ra ti on al How disruptive is implementation of the strategy to the implementing agency?
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143 GRANT SIGNAL PRIORITY TO CVS Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Eff ec ti ve ne ss If the strategy is economic, how well does it internalize external costs into private actors' decision making? 1=not at all likely, 5=extremely likely N/A It is unlikely that this policy will be the driving force to increase market penetration because the travel time benefits will be minimal.
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From page 144... ...
144 O pe ra ti on al How disruptive is implementation of the strategy to the implementing agency? 1=very disruptive, 5=not at all disruptive 4 Providing priority treatment for CVs will likely result in limited impact or disruption in traffic flow and require little to no change in government structures since it is an extension of current practice with transit sign priority treatments.
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From page 145... ...
145 GRANT PARKING ACCESS TO AV- AND CV-EQUIPPED VEHICLES Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Eff ec ti ve ne ss If the strategy is economic, how well does it internalize external costs into private actors' decision making? 1=not at all likely, 5=extremely likely N/A Priority parking will have little to no effect on the market penetration of AVs and CVs.
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From page 146... ...
146 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale How likely are decision makers to accept this strategy? 1=extremely unlikely, 5=extremely likely 4 makers may support the strategy if it were proven to be effective in spurring market penetration.
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147 IMPLEMENT NEW CONTRACTUAL MECHANISMS WITH PRIVATE SERVICE PROVIDERS Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale Eff ec ti ve ne ss If the strategy is economic, how well does it internalize external costs into private actors' decision making? 1=not at all likely, 5=extremely likely NA P3 arrangements are very effective at bringing to a market new products and services that benefit the public interest while providing financial incentives for privatesector investment.
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From page 148... ...
148 Criteria Consideration Likert Rating Rationale How likely are decision makers to accept this strategy? 1=extremely unlikely, 5=extremely likely 4 O pe ra ti on al How disruptive is implementation of the strategy to the implementing agency?
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From page 149... ...
149 REFERENCES Chatman, D
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From page 150... ...
Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAST Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (2015) FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012)
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From page 151... ...
TRA N SPO RTATIO N RESEA RCH BO A RD 500 Fifth Street, N W W ashington, D C 20001 A D D RESS SERV ICE REQ U ESTED N O N -PR O FIT O R G .
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