Demographic Effects of Girls' Education in Developing Countries Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief (2017) / Chapter Skim
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Demographic Effects of Girls' Education in Developing Countries: Proceedings of a Workshop - in Brief
Demographic Effects of Girls' Education in Developing Countries: Proceedings of a Workshop - in Brief
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How ever, the causal pathways between education and demographic outcomes are not well understood. To advance understanding of the relationships between girls' education and demo graphic outcomes and to encourage more research on the determinants, content, con text, and consequences of girls' education, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation provided support to the Committee on Population of the National Academies of Sci ences, Engineering, and Medicine to conduct a workshop addressing these issues on May 11 and 12, 2017.
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data from 43 countries, she showed tries, Ann Blanc focused on the trends in that although gender gaps in enrollment reproductive transitions and education and attainment are declining in many levels over the last few decades. She meacountries, many young people, especially sured three key events in the transition girls, never enter school, and there con- to adulthood: age at first sex, age at first tinue to be gender gaps in skills, such as marriage, and age at first birth.
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began her presennuities, and stalled fertility in sub-Saharan tation by setting the context and illuminatAfrica. Using DHS data, Goujon found that ing possible pathways between girls' eduin countries in which the fertility decline cation and demographic outcomes.
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She said that experimental and concep- the availability of primary school, or using tual work can feed off of one another, re- policy changes. inforce findings, and ultimately uncover the mechanisms that are affecting girls' lives.
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Psaki noted that her research used data Using data from Mexico, Caudillo used from two studies -- the Malawi Schooling month of birth as the instrumental variable and Adolescent Study and the Adolescent for advanced school progression by age. Girls' Empowerment Program in ZamShe found that for girls who are young for bia -- and fixed-effects models that control their grade, having completed lower sec- for stable observed and unobserved charondary school increased the likelihood of acteristics, to study early marriage and ever being pregnant, in a union, or hav- childbearing and loss of literacy by adoing had sex.
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One participant raised the neity between education and fertility deci- question of whether schooling as an instisions, she used an instrumental variables tution actually perpetuates gender disadapproach in which early childbearing is vantages and non-egalitarian gender dyinstrumented with the young woman's namics, specifically, whether education is community-level access and her exposure gender retrogressive and whether schools to condoms since age 15 after controlling should teach specifically around gender for prefertility socioeconomic conditions. attitudes.
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discussed us- quality and demographic outcomes, she ing mixed-methods longitudinal work suggested, researchers would also need to explore school quality in Honduras. to deliberately address gender equality in They considered whether different types relationships.
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It was noted that this randomized and redistributing unpaid care work; con- controlled trial showed little evidence for ditional cash transfers; recognizing that the effects of education directly on em 8
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Mensch suggested that future work gating the effect of school-related gender- on WASH and education should include based violence on educational outcomes. more intervention studies focused on how Several observational studies have found the type, privacy, and cleanliness of toilets negative associations, which rather than and the availability of water at school affect indicating a causal relationship between absenteeism, retention, and learning outsuch violence and education, may reflect comes.
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Lloyd noted that learning outcomes are This workshop on girls' education in de- often considered to be intermediate outveloping contexts builds on that earlier comes: the field then leaps forward to work, using rich longitudinal data that demographic and reproductive outcomes. were not available 10 years ago, to ex- She suggested that for better measures plore causal relationships and pathways and dimensions of learning, researchers between educational enrollment, attain- need to rely on the education community.
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Kirsten Sampson Snyder, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, served as review coordinator. SPONSORS: This workshop was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation.
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Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Copyright 2017 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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