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From page 30... ... SAFETY 30 USDOT Automated Vehicle Safety Initiatives NHTSA Federal Policy Guidelines for Automated Vehicles In September of 2016 the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation released a major policy document titled Federal Automated Vehicles Policy – Accelerating the Next Revolution in Roadway Safety.21 Safe Design of Highly Automated Vehicles (HAVs) Read the entire page →
From page 31... ... Several i including Also, par electron • U M h • A h /2 These te processe rulemaki 22 CAMP – Consortiu Figure 8. N mportant art published a ticularly note ic control s SDOT/NHT otor Vehicle ttp://www.nh ssessment o ttp://www.nh 016/812285 chnical docu s that provid ng changes Crash Avoid m http://www HTSA Frame icles and re rticles by au worthy are ystems for SA Report t s" tsa.gov/Law f Safety Sta tsa.gov/DO _Electronic ments prov e a benchm and addition ance Metrics -esv.nhtsa.d work for Gui ports have b tomobile m several NH vehicle auto o Congress s-&-Regula ndards for T/NHTSA/N sReliabilityR ide valuable ark for con s to its safe Partnership ot.gov/Proce dance of and een referen anufacturers TSA reports mation. Read the entire page →
From page 32... ... SAFETY 32 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and Regulations Since the 1970s the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has been establishing and maintaining safety standards known as the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and Regulations for the automobile industry in the United States23. Other countries around the world have followed suit with their own very similar safety requirements. Read the entire page →
From page 33... ... SAFETY 33 beginning with the most safety-critical operations of rail/fixed guideway public transit systems. Applicability to bus operations is also being discussed by FTA with even smaller transit industry bus operators, as noted above. Read the entire page →
From page 34... ... SAFETY 34 safety of electrical and/or electronic (E/E) and software-intensive features in road vehicles. Read the entire page →
From page 35... ... SAFETY 35 Standards Program of the Society of Automotive Engineers A series of new standards under the auspices of the SAE have been in development for several years which are intended for application to AV technology. Some of these standards deal with communications links for inter-vehicle communications and for vehicle-to-roadway infrastructure and internet "cloud-based" functionality. Read the entire page →
From page 36... ... SAFETY 36 risk." The definition of hazards is based on operating conditions for the manufactured components, assemblies and control systems – conditions in which failures are characterized by control system response that has "unintended behavior of an item with respect to its design intent." Transit System-Focused Safety Standards and Methodologies The new initiatives by FTA to emphasize SMS are timely in that they begin to create a safety culture within each transit operating agency and authority. However, the details of the FTA requirements within the SMS framework are mostly in the form of guidelines which generally have intended application to fixed guideway/rail systems. Read the entire page →
From page 37... ... SAFETY 37 applied to transit systems in a manner that disconnected the text from the continually evolving Military Standards process. Because of this initiative, the essential content of MIL Std. Read the entire page →
From page 38... ... SAFETY 38 process has been established under the new SMS requirements (see Chapter 2) in which the conducting of a hazards analysis process is central to the requirements. Read the entire page →
From page 39... ... Figure 9. Two Internationa l Standards for Fully Automated Guideway Transit SAFE Systems TY 39 Read the entire page →
From page 40... ... Added to prepared related s Safety an analyses ASCE 21 its conten continuo follows th standard testing re The docu while stil systems. Figure 1 comparis also used SIL 4 is s deemed 21 Autom Figure IEC 6226 first publ transport small sca "… the sa who wou 30 http://a 31 In Figur these two i and mainta afety guideli d Security A throughout Automate t and make usly since th e ASCE sta addresses quirements ment has b l maintaining 0 illustrates on to the IE in the ISO hown to be to be Unacc ated Peopl 10. Read the entire page →
From page 41... ... SAFETY 41 This limitation of the intended "scope" of the IEC 62267 AUGT safety requirements to only those functions that are assumed by the automation in replacement of a "driver" makes it not directly comparable to standards that encompass all aspects of an operating transit line – such as ASCE 21. Further, the organization of the IEC standard content is by driver/attendant functions which are assumed by the automated system. Read the entire page →
From page 42... ... SAFETY 42 Process Orientation of System-Focused Safety Methodology NHTSA's assessment of electronic control system safety standards concludes that MIL Std. 882 is "not a safety certification standard." Rather MIL Std. Read the entire page →
From page 43... ... SAFETY 43 Nature of Hazards and Risks in the AV Transit Operating Environment Each project and local site application of automated roadway vehicles will necessitate specific attention to the operating environment and inherent hazards that could be faced for that specific transit service. Applying an appropriate system safety assurance process is essential, along with the overall planning and execution of the system safety program in accord with the FTA SMS guidelines. Read the entire page →
From page 44... ... Based on product d the overa along wit off-line st safety as througho sense, th certificati One item public tra prescript Table 2 this premis esign, the A ll safety ass h other syst ations, fenc surance pro ut the desig e safety ass on provided to be consi nsit applica ion of analyt . Applicability to SA e of vehicle V transit sy urance prog ems (such a es, etc.) Read the entire page →
From page 45... ... SAFETY 45 26262. Various methodologies such as a Hazard and Operability Analysis (HAZOP) Read the entire page →
From page 46... ... SAFETY 46 • Vehicle Human-Machine interfaces and interactions/response conditions o Alertness, understanding, knowledge, ability to act (SAE Level 2-4) o ADA passenger boarding/alighting provisions, visual and audio announcements, wheelchair restraint systems, etc. Read the entire page →
From page 47... ... SAFETY 47 the USDOT/State government sector, the automotive/transit vehicle manufacturers and AV technology development sector, and the public transit industry sector will yield the best result. Taking a proactive approach in the consensus process will have substantial benefits over delaying until one or the other sectors takes the next step or simply reacting to the direction the technology is heading. Read the entire page →
From page 48... ... SAFETY 48  Local Authority Having Jurisdiction for Safety Assurance o Legal responsibility  System Equipment/Facilities Manufacturers, Suppliers and Constructors o AV Manufacturer/Supplier  Vehicle safety o System Integration Contractor  Cybersecurity of ITS systems, V2V/V2I communications systems, vehicle dispatch and operations command and control (supervisory control system)  Safety of station systems and equipment o General Contractor(s) Read the entire page →
From page 49... ... SAFETY 49 also adopted by FAA, and is well suited to serve as a foundation for future safety assurance processes that will be necessary for complex AV deployments in transit service. Vehicle-Focused Methodologies – Safety methodologies that use an approached based on "functional safety" are derived from an original machine automation IEC 61508 standard which defined a process of assessing "functional safety", from which numerous industry sector specific application standards have been prepared. Read the entire page →
From page 50... ... SAFETY 50 1. Definition of Complete Transit Functions to be Automated – Research that would assemble a comprehensive definition of tasks/functions typically performed by a human operator or attendant in a conventional transit vehicle/train would be beneficial. Read the entire page →

From page 30...

... SAFETY 30 USDOT Automated Vehicle Safety Initiatives NHTSA Federal Policy Guidelines for Automated Vehicles In September of 2016 the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation released a major policy document titled Federal Automated Vehicles Policy – Accelerating the Next Revolution in Roadway Safety.21 Safe Design of Highly Automated Vehicles (HAVs)