Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes—Final Report (2018) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix A ‐ 1 Appendix A Literature Review Summaries
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 2 Sources Reviewed EQUITY AND PRICING Abdelwahab, H.T and Abdel-Aty, M.A.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 3 Madi, M., Wiegmann, J., Parkany, E., Swisher, M., and Symon, J
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Appendix A ‐ 4 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes U
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 5 EQUITY AND PRICING Abdelwahab, H.T and Abdel-Aty, M.A.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 6 Populations Addressed What populations does this document address? N/A Are there other affected stakeholders that are referenced?
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 7 Altshuler, A
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 8 Type of Tolled Facility & Features What type of tolled facility? The primary focus of the study is HOT highway lanes that were newly constructed or converted from past HOV lanes in different parts of the country.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 9 Bonsall, P
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 10 Decision Question/ Decision This tool is designed to inform decision makers where at-risk populations are located and advise policy makers on which form of road charging would result in the least number of at-risk individuals being affected. It is important to consider unintended impacts of road charges on social exclusion.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 11 Buckeye, K
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 12 o People respond negatively to tolls unless they see some benefit for themselves. o People are willing to pay a fee to avoid congestion.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 13 Buckeye, K
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 14 Decision Question/ Decisionmaker The key decision is whether an extension of the southbound HOT lane should be implemented. FHWA and MnDOT are the decisionmakers.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 15 Burris, M
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 16 Decision Question/ Decisionmaker This is a post-implementation study. No decisions were made after the study.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 17 Burt, M., Sowell, G., Crawford, J., and Carlson, Todd.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 18 Geographic Distribution Eight regions domestically and internationally are examined: * Simulated Pricing Field Demonstration *
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 19 based on before and after shifts in mode choice, commuting time, and travel costs. From those surveys, a score could be calculated and assessed over different demographic types and levels of impact.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 20 access to transit) New versus long-time residents Visitors versus residents The report makes other recommendations: Integrate the collection of demographic data as fully as possible into the overall evaluation data collection plan.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 21 Campbell, M., Spitz, G., Carpenter, C., Ramchal, K., and Jacobs, D
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 22 Type of Tolled Facility & Features Bridge and tunnels were the type of tolled facilities. Tolling Context Bridge and tunnel Tolling technology / electronic toll collection Methods of payment – transponder, cash, credit card Pricing Arrangements No information provided Decision Question/ Decisionmaker The decision being made is whether to go from electronic toll collection to all-electronic toll collection, The New York MTA Bridge and Tunnel is the decisionmaker.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 23 Coyle, D., Robinson, F., Zhao, Z., Munnich, L., and Lari, A
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 24 fees account for less than 60 percent of total transportation system revenue (federal, state and local) ; increasingly general fund revenue is having to make up the difference between revenues and costs.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 25 Type of Sponsoring Agency or Organization The report was sponsored by the Intelligent Transportation Systems Institute, Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. This is intended to set the stage for policy discussion on transportation-related user fees and public outreach efforts.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 26 DKS Associates, with PBSJ & Jack Faucett Associates.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 27 Decision Question/ Decisionmaker Planning for congestion pricing or managed lanes – particularly at the regional level (new infrastructure or conversion of existing infrastructure)
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 28 approaches for addressing minority or disadvantaged populations, among other considerations: "It is useful to have flexible and responsive operational and pricing policies from the regional planning agencies. This will allow the planning and implementing agencies the flexibility needed to optimize the performance of the systems without conflicting with regional policy." "Early outreach and education for elected officials, decision makers, key stakeholders and the public are important.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 29 For use in Task 2 – Develop a plan to contact practitioners and the public to identify the current state of the practice Interview Potential The report includes points of contact for the MPO or other regional agency and the State Department of Transportation for each of the cities interviewed. (However, this contact information was from 2009 or earlier, so it may not be up-to-date or accurate.)
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 30 Ecola, L and Light, T
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 31 Stage of Decisionmaking The report focuses on policy and program evaluation; however, concepts could be useful for evaluating specific projects. Relevance The report provides an excellent assessment of literature on evaluating the equity impacts of congestion pricing strategies.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 32 be used to identify groups that are likely to be made worse off by congestion pricing. This will give policymakers the information needed to develop more equitable congestion pricing strategies; for example, it can cause one to avoid drawing a cordon such that a low-income neighborhood is right outside of it".
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 33 Goldman, T and Martin W
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 34 Geddes, R., Richard and Nentchev, and Dimitar N Unpublished.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 35 It recognizes that the transfer of control would necessitate some form of tolling system, the design of the toll would be structured to reduce political resistance and part of that political support would come from the public trust fund pay out. It is a very interesting study.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 36 Gulipalli, P.K.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 37 under a CBCP policy on freeways. In contrast, average users in north DFW (excluding the Denton and McKinney CBDs)
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 38 Halvorson, R., and K
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 39 Populations Addressed The study primarily addresses the users of the MnPASS program. However, it mentions that the program was established with the intent to spend a part of the excess revenue to improve bus service in the corridor.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 40 Higgins, T., Bhatt, K., and Mahendra, A
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 41 Context of road pricing communications o Affected parties, decision makers and interested groups o Success and familiarity with proven programs o Perception of government References Interview Findings Guidance and Best Practices Type of Sponsoring Agency or Organization AASHTO's Standing Committee on Planning requested this research document. The information contained in this report was prepared as part of NCHRP Project 08-36/Task 93, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 42 Stage of Decisionmaking This was not addressed specifically. Relevance The purpose of the following report is threefold: Review and synthesize a substantial literature on the acceptability of road pricing, drawing out implications for communications and engagement strategies most likely to bring acceptance, adoption, and successful implementation.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 43 Hobson, J and Cabansagan, C
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 44 Populations Addressed All populations are addressed, but the article really focuses on "equity" impacts and what that will mean for the low-income drivers of the Bay Area. A large proportion of low-income drivers are also persons of color, making concern for equality of effects all the more compelling.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 45 Critical Assessment Study argues for a different approach than what the Metropolitan Transportation Commission is proposing. Multiple programs in California, as well as across the country, were cited to give credence to the position that a new approach is needed.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Appendix A ‐ 46 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes King, D., Manville, M., and Shoup, D
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 47 Type of Tolled Facility & Features HOT lanes, managed lanes, and cordon pricing are presented in an overarching discussion of congestion pricing. Tolling Context This article uses political and economic behavioral theory, as well as case studies, to present high- level considerations for adoption of congestion pricing.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 48 traditionally underserved groups benefit. This rationale enables policy makers to advance equity and environmental goals without sacrificing political support.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 49 Kockelman, K.M. and Kalmanje, S
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 50 are returned to all licensed drivers in a uniform fashion, as a sort of driving ‘allowance'. Essentially, the ‘average' driver pays nothing, while frequent long distance peak-period drivers subsidize others, in effect paying them to stay off congested roads." Decision Question/ Decisionmaker N/A - An academic study.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 51 Kockelman, K
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 52 Relevance The study was selected on the assumption that it might contain empirical methods to examine different types of impacts from tolled facilities for different socioeconomic groups because it mentions welfare impacts of congestion pricing. However, the review revealed that the article does not offer a practical assessment of existing facilities or forecasting of the impacts of new facilities on different socioeconomic groups.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 53 Levinson, D
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 54 Relevance The article provides a very good review of empirical studies on tolling and pricing. The theoretical aspects are also informative, covering a substantial body of literature on equity.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 55 Litman, T and Brenman, M
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 56 Pricing Arrangements Not applicable Decision Question/ Decisionmaker Not applicable Populations Addressed The comprehensive approach discussed in this article references the importance of considering the impact of transportation planning on all stakeholders, including but not limited to: High income motorists Low-income toll road users Low-income travelers tolled off the highway Tax payers who seldom or never drive on the facility Stage of Decisionmaking Transport policy and planning and analysis Relevance Considering a more comprehensive approach to social equity analysis overcomes the biases that are inherent in the more traditional, narrowly focused environmental justice analysis approach. As the authors explain – "Environmental justice groups tend to oppose transport pricing reforms (road tolls, parking fees, increased fuel taxes, etc.)
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 57 Madi, M., Wiegmann, J., Parkany, E., Swisher, M., and Symon, J
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 58 The workshop was attended by road/congestion pricing and equity experts including government officials, researchers and academics, as well as private sector representatives. Includes two road pricing scenarios/case studies identified by FHWA.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 59 between male and female motorists (e.g., one study finds that women value travel time reliability more than twice as highly as men)
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 60 found pricing scheme acceptance levels to be similar in low-, mid-, and high income groups." The guidebook includes helpful tables with mitigation strategy examples from actual projects around the world. Status Guidebook focuses on early planning stage considerations related to integrating equity into road pricing projects.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 61 Mahendra, A., Grant, M., Higgins, T., and Bhatt, K
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 62 Type of Tolled Facility & Features Six road pricing concepts are discussed, including: Conversion of existing high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) or other lanes to high-occupancy toll (HOT)
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 63 Parkany, E
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 64 Relevance Article makes the critical point that the ability to access toll roads with electronic pricing depends on the ability to access a transponder, not just the ability to pay the tolls. Finds with the AutoExpreso System in Puerto Rico a good and potentially replicable model for administering transponders usage to better accommodate "unbanked" households, "[o]
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 65 Parsons Brinckerhoff and others.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 66 Type of Sponsoring Agency or Organization Transportation Research Board under the SHRP-2 program. Geographic Distribution The study reviewed travel survey data from several metropolitan areas of the US.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 67 Patterson, T.M., and Levinson, D
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 68 Populations Addressed Those at all income levels, but especially those with low incomes. The authors reference the potential benefits of HOT lanes to those traveling in general purpose lanes.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 69 Perez, B G., Betac, T., and Vovsha, P
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 70 Type of Tolled Facility & Features It includes discussions on various types of tolling and pricing strategies, including general purpose tolling, HOT lanes, and truck only lanes. Tolling Context The study is not about specific tolling or pricing projects, but includes case studies from different parts of the country.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 71 Perez, B., Giordano, R., and Stamm, H
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 72 Cordon and Area Pricing 10. Central London Congestion Charging 11.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 73 o SR 91 Express in Orange Country, California o I-15 Express in San Diego, California o SR 167 Hot Lanes in Washington State o Port Authority of New York and New Jersey o London Congestion Charging o Stockholm Congestion Tax Public approaches for reaching traditionally underserved populations are not discussed, although there are sections on market research and education and outreach strategies which could be of value to engaging underserved populations. A key point in the guidebook states "when considering the issues of equity, it is important to monitor how different groups benefit from the use of the revenues, rather than just the use of the facility".
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 74 Perez, B G., Fuhs, C., Gants, C., Giordano, R, Ungemah, D
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 75 Pricing Arrangements Most projects have variable/dynamic pricing, but fixed variable pricing, dynamic pricing, and hybrid variable pricing discussed. Decision Question/ Decisionmaker Decisionmakers vary from Federal for tolling authority, funding and environmental reviews.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 76 Peters, J
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 77 New toll and pricing changes. Users on some existing crossings would see no toll (price)
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 78 Plotnick, R.D., Romich, J., and Thacker, J
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 79 Decision Question/ Decisionmaker Although decisions are beyond the scope of this article, the authors hope to inform policy discussions related to revenue enhancement and future projects. Populations Addressed Low-income households are the focus of the report, comparing two subpopulations who can be generally considered low-income: the poor and the non-poor as defined below: Poor is defined by the federal poverty measures (2009 family of four is $22,500)
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 80 The researchers acknowledge several important limitations with research, and note that estimates in their study may be imprecise due to a small sampling of lower-income households. Later in the article, they discuss how a toll may induce some drivers to change routes, start carpooling or switch to public transit.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 81 Plotnick, R.D., Romich, J., Thacker, J., and Dunbar, M
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 82 Relevance This analysis examines the distribution of financial costs, or cost burden, associated with hypothetical tolls in the Puget Sound region. Authors use the Household Activity Survey (HAS)
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 83 Ray, R., Petrella, M., Peirce, S., et.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 84 Tolling Context The Seattle case was about a bridge over Lake Washington on SR 520, where new tolling was implements. There were non-toll alternatives, including I-90.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 85 Schweitzer, L and Taylor, B
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 86 Decision Question/ Decisionmaker Report examines a comparison of congestion pricing to a sales tax approach. The study was done to compare the regressive differences between a congestion pricing and a sales tax revenue strategy.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 87 Schweitzer, L
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 88 Relevance This document was chosen because it provides a concise overview of existing research concerning the impacts of a variety of road pricing methods on equity. Methodologies and Analytical Approaches Most transportation studies are estimates based on representative household profiles constructed from: 1.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 89 Southern Environmental Law Center.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 90 Relevance Literature Review – The report referenced a couple of other studies, including: A California study that found commuters with incomes greater than $100,000 were more than twice as likely to frequent the toll lane as users with incomes below $40,000. A study in Northern Virginia found that the wealthiest quartile receives travel-related benefits more than 17 times greater than the poorest quartile.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 91 Spitz, G and Jacobs, D
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 92 Decision Question/ Decisionmaker Populations Addressed Low-income persons who are more frequently cash-paying customers. Stage of Decisionmaking No information is available Relevance The survey discussed in this article employs a methodology to survey cash customers at toll plazas and E-ZPass customers through the mail on the same day.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 93 Swan, P.F and Belzer, M.H.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 94 Populations Addressed No populations addressed. Stage of Decisionmaking Policy Research Relevance Research on elasticity of truck demand diversion and policy implications of same.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 95 Taylor, B D., and Kalauskas, R
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 96 Decision Question/ Decisionmaker Implementation of HOT lanes is the major decision question. Decisions are being made at various governmental level: NYC: state and municipal level.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 97 going to be unfairly enjoyed by Manhattan residents within the cordon region at the expense of others in the region. There were disagreements among city council members and only some saw this as potentially positive for equity concerns, leading to less traffic, better air quality and a mean for funding better public transportation options for low-income neighborhoods.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 98 Texas Transportation Institute and Cambridge Systematics, Inc.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 99 Type of Tolled Facility & Features Washington State currently has three tolled facilities: the Tacoma Narrows Bridge (drivers can pay using a Good To Go! account, by stopping at the toll booths or Pay By Mail where a toll bill is sent in the mail to the vehicle's registered owner)
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 100 Conversely, particular applications of tolling which hold the prospect of burdensome impacts on lower-income communities include: Toll projects which do not ensure accessibility to the facility, independent of ability to pay Toll projects on existing capacity Projects that jump to the head of the priority queue because of toll revenue Status Stage of planning or implementation, date of pricing inception, etc.) Critical Assessment It addressed positive and negative aspects on low-income populations and provided information relative to "looking back and seeing what happened" on projects that have been in operation for some time.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 101 Special Report 303: "Equity of Evolving Transportation Finance Mechanisms" Citation Special Report 303: "Equity of Evolving Transportation Finance Mechanisms." Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., p.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 102 There are useful criteria for grouping individuals for the purpose of assessing equity impacts, including: o Geographic location o Economic status o Generation (time period of impact) o Socio-demographic characteristics (e.g., sex, age, race or ethnicity, physical limitations)
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 103 Relevance This report presents a broad discussion of the various equity considerations that should be considered as transportation funding options are being analyzed. It serves as a foundation of knowledge for policy makers, transportation agencies, stakeholders and other parties that are evaluating the impacts of toll facilities, vehicle miles traveled fees, and other transportation funding options.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 104 Ungemah, D
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 105 needs to be delayed or tabled because of issues of equity. Identifying concerns and addressing them through deliberate and transparent policy and action can help further the case for tolls in a broad transportation financing and planning context.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 106 U.S. Government Accountability Office.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 107 Geographic Distribution The research applies to all locations in the United States; however there is a special focus on facilities that are part of the three federal pricing programs (Value Pricing Pilot Programs (VPPP) , Express Lanes Demonstration Program (ELD)
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 108 Stage of Decisionmaking Policy research and program evaluation report that examine how congestion pricing aligns with project development and NEPA processes, facility operations, and mitigation and compensation techniques. Relevance The report discusses the efforts that have been made to assess the effects of congestion pricing projects on equity.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 109 Project sponsors that receive VPPP funds must also evaluate the performance of congestion pricing projects. Results are then reported to Congress biannually; however, no specific performance standards are required.
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T f his information acility performa above was ext nce monitoring. racted from the Environm GAO report's ental Justice An appendix due t alyses When Co o its relevance nsidering Toll I in the discussio Projec mplementation o n of congestion t NCHRP 08-100 r Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ pricing 110
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 111 performance monitoring. This information above was extracted from the GAO report's appendix due to its relevance in the discussion of congestion pricing facility
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 112 This information above was extracted from the GAO report's appendix due to its relevance in the discussion of congestion pricing facility performance monitoring.
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This information performance mo above was extr nitoring. acted from the Environm GAO report's ap ental Justice An pendix due to i alyses When Co ts relevance in t nsidering Toll I he discussion of Projec mplementation o congestion pric t NCHRP 08-100 r Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ ing facility 113
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Th Ev an (3) is table was ext olving Transpor y adverse effects mode, (4)
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 115 U.S. Federal Highway Administration.
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 116 Planning Studies conducted under the VPP program o Alameda County, CA o Minneapolis, MN o Washington D.C. Metropolitan Area Type of Tolled Facility & Features "Partial" pricing projects (HOT lanes)
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Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 117 generally included in any pricing package. In cases in which effects on low-income drivers are perceived to be particularly severe, such drivers could be provided with toll exemptions, rebates, or other forms of monetary compensation, such as tax rebates or income supplements.
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From page 220... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 118 Weinstein, A
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From page 221... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 119 Tolling Context The 11 projects included newly constructed HOT lanes, carpool lanes converted to HOT lanes, conversion of HOV to HOT lanes, and construction of new "high-occupancy toll/credit lanes", and allowing two-plus carpools to access HOV lanes for a toll during rush hour. Pricing Arrangements The 11 projects included conversion of flat tolls to variable tolls, other variable pricing options, variable tolls.
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From page 222... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 120 Zmud, J
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From page 223... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 121 Pricing Arrangements Not applicable Decision Question/ Decisionmaker Not applicable Populations Addressed The research study examines 110 public opinion polls relative to tolling and road pricing (the public opinion data comes from cities/counties/states all across the country, as well as data from a few international public opinion polls)
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From page 224... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 122 DEMOGRAPHIC AND CULTURAL TRENDS, PATTERNS, AND PERSPECTIVES Beckman, J
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From page 225... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 123 Stage of Decisionmaking Policy research Relevance While the article does not have anything to do with pricing or tolling, it emphasizes that immigrants demonstrate diverse travel patterns based on age and place characteristics. Status N/A Critical Assessment The article is peripherally related to the current study.
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From page 226... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 124 Blumenberg, E and Weinstein, A
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From page 227... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 125 4. Recognize that the specific transportation supports needed vary by household structure, life stage, family responsibilities, employment, and residential location.
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From page 228... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 126 Zmud, J P, Barabba, V
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From page 229... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 127 Pricing Arrangements No specific pricing scheme is discussed. Decision Question/ Decisionmaker The study does not pertain to any tolling/pricing decisions.
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From page 230... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 128 ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE / TITLE VI, COMMUNITY IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION Cairns, S., Grieg, J., and Wachs, M
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From page 231... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 129 Relevance For designing the public participation process and for outlining the considerations necessary for good decision making in the interest of EJ communities, this study is excellent. It does this by assembling criteria for identifying stakeholders and community needs as well as identifying those places in the process where the public can intervene.
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From page 232... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 130 Chakraborty, J
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From page 233... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 131 Relevance The papers describes a practical method for evaluating the environmental justice implications of transportation projects at an early stage of project planning or impact assessment. The paper provide a definition and describes how to calculate two indices: a "buffer comparison index" and an "area comparison index" using available census data and census geographies for race, ethnicity and income measures.
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From page 234... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 132 Deka, Devajyoti.
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From page 235... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 133 estate industry; economic shifts and the loss of blue collar and service jobs to the suburbs, the inability of public transit to efficiently connect the city with the suburbs, the high cost of car ownership, and the regressive taxes and fares used to locally fund roads and transit. The three solutions offered to correct for this mismatch include moving jobs to the central city, moving low-income residents to the suburbs, or connecting jobs with a subsidized system of transportation.
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From page 236... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 134 Forkenbrock, D and Sheeley, J
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From page 237... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 135 Tolling Context N/A Pricing Arrangements N/A Decision Question/ Decisionmaker While the guidebook foreword states that the report can be used by planning agencies such as MPOs the focus is more on state DOTs and project level decisions. Populations Addressed The guidebook describes the "universe of protected populations to include those defined by age, disability, gender, religion, class, race, low-income, limited English proficiency, and national origin.
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From page 238... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 136 conducted by EPA demonstrated that landfills were disproportionately located in communities of color. As such, evaluating how transportation projects may affect the presence and handling of hazardous material is important for EJ evaluations.
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From page 239... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 137 Land Prices and Property Values Changes in property values and land prices have similar trajectories as economic development as they are both generally rooted in access issues; however, the primary differences can be found between residential and commercial property effects. Property values can also be linked to other issues related to noise, air quality, visual quality, etc.
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From page 240... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 138 Forkenbrock, D and Weisbrod, G
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From page 241... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 139 Tolling Context Not applicable. Pricing Arrangements Not applicable.
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From page 242... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 140 Gravity models can be used to measure "accessibility effects associated with a change in market opportunities, such as residential access to workplaces or shopping centers, or business access to labor markets or customer markets." Traffic Demand Models can be used to assess the effects of travel demand changes including travel times between origins and destinations and compare different transportation investments within a network. Traffic Noise: Traffic noise predictions models can be utilized to assess changes in noise levels to adjacent residents and businesses.
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From page 243... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 141 Prozzi, J., Victoria, I., Torres, G., Walton, C M., and Prozzi, J
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From page 244... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 142 Populations Addressed What populations does this document address? Black, Hispanic, Asian American, American Indian or Alaskan Native persons.
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From page 245... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 143 Mitigating options for neighborhood effects: temporary or permanent relocation of housing units; construction of new housing units; fair relocation benefits; renovation of housing units; relocation of the entire community; renovation of public areas uses for community activities; relocation of graves; crossing guards at local schools during project construction; ban heavy vehicles from neighborhood streets; relocation site accessible by primary neighborhood transportation mode; conversion of former building to community centers; construction of parks and community centers; noise barriers to reduce highway noise levels; and soundproofing systems at sensitive sites. This category also includes some mitigation options that are specific to tolling and travel effects, including: use of toll revenue to finance transportation improvements; increase the quantity and quality of low-cost transportation alternatives; and provide toll exemptions to low-income travelers.
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From page 246... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 144 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT AND COMMUNICATIONS Aimen, D and Morris, A
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From page 247... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 145 Transportation agencies are increasingly recognizing the value of professional public involvement expertise, whether obtained from consultants or agency staff. The report should serve as a significant resource to public involvement professionals as well as to transportation planners, engineers, and project managers who are responsible for ensuring that public involvement activities are meaningful, effective, efficient and relevant to traditionally underserved populations.
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From page 248... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 146 o Provide information o Gather feedback o Build relationships o Mitigate impacts, deliver benefits o Overcome institutional barriers This document provides several examples of measures deployed to avoid, minimize and mitigate adverse effects upon populations, including low- income and minority populations. The document does not directly practical approaches using tolling related planning studies and project examples.
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From page 249... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 147 McAndrews, C., Florez-Diaz, J.M., and Deakin, E
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From page 250... ...
Project NCHRP 08-100 Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Appendix A ‐ 148 Stage of Decisionmaking Market research, public involvement, and metropolitan planning. Relevance This article was chosen hoping to find additional insights using surveys and focus groups for tolling projects.
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Key Terms
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