Women's Mental Health across the Life Course through a Sex-Gender Lens Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief (2018) / Chapter Skim
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Women's Mental Health across the Life Course through a Sex-Gender Lens: Proceedings of a Workshop - in Brief
Women's Mental Health across the Life Course through a Sex-Gender Lens: Proceedings of a Workshop - in Brief
Pages 1-12
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Giroir, Assistant Secretary for Health at HHS. Gi roir said that mental health problems disproportionately affect women compared to men, and that women's mental health is affected by many things, including biological and genetic factors, gender roles, and psychosocial elements.
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As an A process-centered approach identifies mecha- example, the HiTOP approach was used in one nisms or pathways that link particular groups study to identify a cluster of "internalizing" to certain health outcomes (such as examining and "externalizing" behaviors evident in the racism and sexism instead of "race" and "sex") observed symptoms of people diagnosed with and a system-centered approach identifies how a range of mental health disorders.
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that people with a "communion" orientation The latter showed, for example, that bisexual focus on the needs of others to a healthy dewomen had higher depression and anxiety gree and have more balanced relationships in than people of other sexual orientations, and which they both provide and receive support, they had a nearly six-fold increase in risk of life- whereas people with an "unmitigated comtime suicide attempts compared to heterosex- munion" orientation have more one-sided reual women.2 The General Social Surveys also lationships and become overly involved in the found that sexually experienced sexual-minor- problems and needs of others. This tendency is associated with a range of negative outcomes, ity women were at an elevated risk of suicide Helgeson explained, including psychological mortality.3 distress and depressive symptoms, noncompliAccording to Mays, increased diversity in re- ance with physician instructions, and poor adsearch samples will enable the study of in- justment to disease.
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Stressors rarely occur in isolaexample, living in states with more financial tion, and secondary stressors can result from a support for home- and community-based ser- primary stressor, such as financial strains from vices is associated with lower depression rates widowhood. Research on the interactive effects among older adults experiencing functional of multiple stressors and how risk factors, such impairment and decline.
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Adoleshealth in the past 4 to 5 years for children and cents today, Keyes said, face an uncertain fuadolescents, especially girls. Data from mul- ture: students are experiencing an increase in tiple national surveys have shown increases, school shootings, and adolescents with minorall beginning between 2009 and 2011, in ity social status are particular targets for victimmajor depressive episodes, depression-like ization and trauma.
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had greater difficulty with executive functionOjeda suggested that interventions include the ing and sustained attention at the post-menofollowing: policies to address young women's pause stage, and these difficulties could not incarceration/justice system involvement; pro- be explained completely by reported deprescedures that consider young women's unique sion and anxiety symptoms. Epperson also needs to avoid re-traumatization while young described research showing that postmenowomen are in detention; anti-violence pro- pausal women with high versus low levels of grams that can reduce girls' involvement in the adverse childhood experiences displayed difjustice system; safe and stable housing; family- ferent patterns of brain activation when they focused services and the establishment of safe were completing a cognitive task under exsupportive communities; services to address perimental conditions of law and normal levels co-occurring disorders and trauma at screen- of serotonin.
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trol group, a difference mediated through im- In other cases, the causes may stem from cirproved parenting, and the intervention had a cumstances that arise more often in the lives positive effect on depressive symptoms.11 Fur- of elderly women -- for example, widowhood, thermore, in a systematic review of 17 random- living alone, poor health, financial strain, and ized controlled trials or quasi-experiments, in- caregiving. terventions designed to improve relationships Girgus suggested improvements for the reor social conditions improved cortisol levels for search, such as creating finer-grained reportchildren at high risk (i.e., experiencing a parent ing of age effects after age 60 in order to asdeath or living in foster care)
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. It is also of depressive symptoms over time, more likely important, according to Bird, to consider how to have higher rates of recurrent and chronic sex and gender differences can be confounded major depressive disorder, likely to have more or amplified over time; for example, women fluctuations in depression course, less likely to both earn less and live longer, and as a result receive effective care and management of their they are more likely to end up as caregivers, illness, and likely to have more severe symp- widowed, and living in poverty in old age.
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Pessimism about treatment is one of rates of disorders, discrimination, and bullying the reasons women give for not seeking treat- for LGBT populations; and higher rates of suiment; other reasons include stigma, finances, cide, homelessness, foster care, and detention fear, and structural barriers. The reasons varied for sexual- and gender-minority women.
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The clinical workforce would affect women's mental health. also benefit from more diversity, Miranda said, presenting data that show that Latinos and es- GROUP REPORTS AND DISCUSSION pecially African Americans are under-represent- Participants met in breakout groups to consider ed.
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A participant also advocated for increased that could enable federal agencies, such as Deattention to women's mental health and trau- partments of Education, Labor, Transportation, ma following disasters, as well as adolescent and Health, to pursue joint research and policy and young women's mental health as a precur- activities to influence the multiple factors that sor to and consequence of human trafficking. affect people's mental health; the participant Jennifer Payne (Johns Hopkins School of Medi- went on to suggest that the issue may be of cine)
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The steering committee was responsible only for organizing the workshop, identifying the topics, and choosing speakers. REVIEWERS: To ensure that it meets institutional standards for quality and objectivity, this Proceedings of a Workshop -- in Brief was reviewed by Rina Repetti, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles; and Debra Umberson, Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin.
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