Clean Vehicles, Fuels, and Practices for Airport Private Ground Transportation Providers (2018) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 16-50
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16 Airports and Clean Vehicle Programs General Airport Overview The airports surveyed for the current study represent seven of the nine FAA regions of the United States. The Alaskan and Southwest regions were not included.
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Results 17 diameter of 2.5 µm or smaller) are particularly dangerous to human health because they stay longer in the air than larger/heavier particles (e.g., PM10)
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18 Clean Vehicles, Fuels, and Practices for Airport Private Ground Transportation Providers Small 1 Medium 2 Large 8 Figure 4. Surveyed airports by hub status.
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Results 19 the airport's environmental impact can have a noticeable impact on the area's GHG emissions and local air quality. All surveyed airports reported using and encouraging one or more sustainability practices intended to reduce emissions.
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20 Clean Vehicles, Fuels, and Practices for Airport Private Ground Transportation Providers battery EVs in their fleets. Additionally, four of the 11 surveyed airports use biodiesel-powered vehicles.
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Results 21 All surveyed airports reported having AF stations on airport property or near the airport. CNG fueling infrastructure is by far the most popular type of alternative fueling infrastructure, followed by electric.
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22 Clean Vehicles, Fuels, and Practices for Airport Private Ground Transportation Providers vague and involved a general suggestion of using sustainable practices by GT providers or a recommendation to work on reducing GHG emissions at the airport. Because of the informal nature of these policies, no evaluation of compliance was provided and no impact assessment was available.
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Results 23 not only for AFV use but also for ride sharing and other strategies for reducing VMT. Appendix D provides more details on the rules and regulations at SAN.
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24 Clean Vehicles, Fuels, and Practices for Airport Private Ground Transportation Providers In addition, anecdotal evidence suggests that few airports impose any restrictions on the type of vehicles operated by limousine or transportation network companies. Limousine companies operate luxury vehicles that are not always available in a "clean vehicle" version.
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Results 25 Shared Van Rides Shared van rides are traditional and common airport GT operators. Companies offering shared ride service operate in almost all major U.S.
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26 Clean Vehicles, Fuels, and Practices for Airport Private Ground Transportation Providers Surveyed airports that choose to impose clean vehicle requirements on scheduled airport service providers employ one of three types of policy: imposing emission standards on vehicles used at the airport, offering lower fees for vehicles that meet clean vehicle requirements, or collecting higher fees from vehicles that do not meet clean vehicle standards. Transportation Network Companies TNCs, such as Uber, Lyft, and Gett, provide on-demand transportation service similar to taxicabs but use individual drivers' noncommercial vehicles.
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Results 27 The most popular reason for clean vehicle policies (formal or informal) at the surveyed airports was to reduce GHG emissions, followed by establishing a green image in the community.
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28 Clean Vehicles, Fuels, and Practices for Airport Private Ground Transportation Providers limiting an airport's flexibility to negotiate or change policy details. For example, when LAX signed a community benefits agreement with the local community and environmental groups, clean vehicle policy for commercial vehicles was part of the binding legal agreement, leaving no room for negotiations with fleets.
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Results 29 Providing lower airport fees for AFVs appears to be the most popular incentive among the surveyed airports. Three surveyed airports (42.9%)
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30 Clean Vehicles, Fuels, and Practices for Airport Private Ground Transportation Providers • The impact of TNCs on GT operators limiting the ability of airports to impose additional regulations/requirements on an already struggling industry. At the same time, two surveyed airports see no obstacles/barriers for implementing clean vehicle policies.
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Results 31 Anti-idling Policies Three of 11 surveyed airports reported having an explicit anti-idling policy, whereas five airports did not have an airport-specific policy against vehicle idling. All the airports that did not impose airport anti-idling requirements had active anti-idling policies imposed by the state, county, or municipal governments, and there was no need for a separate airport-specific requirement.
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32 Clean Vehicles, Fuels, and Practices for Airport Private Ground Transportation Providers Funding for Fleet Conversion to AFVs Government grants and rebates covering the incremental cost of acquisition or conversion of AFVs are essential for encouraging GT fleets to adopt AFV technologies. Six of the 11 surveyed airports are aware of existing government grants that help fleets convert to AFVs or have taken advantage of such grants.
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Results 33 Eight of the 11 surveyed airports stated they are unable to help private GT providers receive government grants for converting their fleets to AFVs. Only one airport reported that it does help private airport operators with securing funding for fleet conversion to clean vehicles.
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34 Clean Vehicles, Fuels, and Practices for Airport Private Ground Transportation Providers Contacted airports voiced several concerns and challenges related to TNC operations. Airports admitted that regulations for TNCs are still under development, allowing TNCs to enjoy an advantageous position compared with other GT operators.
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Results 35 The data from the surveyed GT fleets indicate that smaller fleets are more likely to use companyowned vehicles, whereas larger fleets prefer owner-operator or hybrid vehicle ownership models. Surveyed GT operators consist of fleet sizes ranging from 10 to 405 vehicles.
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36 Clean Vehicles, Fuels, and Practices for Airport Private Ground Transportation Providers Seven of the 13 surveyed GT companies (53.8% of the survey sample) own the vehicles they operate, and three surveyed fleets use an owner-operator model, in which all the vehicles are owned by drivers contracted by the company to provide service.
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Results 37 implementing clean vehicle programs because the decisions regarding the types of vehicles and fuels used are made by vehicle owners (individual drivers) rather than the taxi company.
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38 Clean Vehicles, Fuels, and Practices for Airport Private Ground Transportation Providers The most popular deadhead trip reduction strategies include matching drop-offs with pickups at the airport and adjusting the type and size of vehicles for specific tasks to reduce empty seats. Operators can be penalized with higher trip fees if they do not follow the deadhead trip reduction strategies required by their agreement.
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Results 39 Other potential reasons for considering sustainability practices or adopting AFVs mentioned by the surveyed fleets included separating themselves from the competition and following companywide policies involving AFV adoption in all locations where the company operates. Groome Transportation is a private shuttle service provider operating in the southeast United States with offices in Athens, Georgia; Auburn, Alabama; Augusta, Georgia; Chattanooga, Tennessee; Columbus, Georgia; Macon, Georgia; and Warner Robbins, Georgia.
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40 Clean Vehicles, Fuels, and Practices for Airport Private Ground Transportation Providers 7 3 1 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Continue/Expand Using Current AF Technology May Consider Other AF Technologies/Vehicles Implement Better Vehicle/Trip Tracking System Implement AFV Lease Program None Figure 32. Future sustainability initiatives planned by surveyed fleets.
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Results 41 WallyPark, an off-airport parking provider serving multiple locations around major U.S. airports, is now offering a ride between Los Angeles International Airport (LAX)
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42 Clean Vehicles, Fuels, and Practices for Airport Private Ground Transportation Providers aspects of the airport-imposed clean vehicle policies. The attitudes of the private fleets' vehicle drivers about airport clean vehicle requirements are graphically presented in Figure 35.
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Results 43 unable to evaluate the success because the original specific goals of the implemented programs are unknown to the surveyed fleets. Barriers and Incentives More generally, the main barriers that GT providers encounter while implementing different kinds of sustainability projects are directly related to AFV characteristics and limitations or access to fuel.
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44 Clean Vehicles, Fuels, and Practices for Airport Private Ground Transportation Providers Certain strategies implemented by fleets can mitigate some (but not all) of these barriers.
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Results 45 Fleets' Recommendations During the interviews, surveyed fleets provided their recommendations for designing effective airport clean vehicle policies. The suggestions ranged from vague recommendations to specific proposals.
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46 Clean Vehicles, Fuels, and Practices for Airport Private Ground Transportation Providers Transportation Network Companies' Market Impact Most of the operators surveyed for this study indicated they were directly or indirectly affected by TNC operations at the airports. Traditional GT providers (especially taxicabs)
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Results 47 • Common types of clean vehicle policies: 1. Explicit requirement for AFV use (used by three surveyed airports with formal policies)
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48 Clean Vehicles, Fuels, and Practices for Airport Private Ground Transportation Providers Private Fleet Operators • Fleets have a slightly different perspective on AFV requirements than do airports. Fleet decisions are often dominated by the economics of AFVs (life-cycle costs, ROI, ways to save money)
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Results 49 • Fleet recommendations for designing effective airport clean vehicle policies include: 1. Ensuring fleet access to fuel by providing fueling infrastructure at the airport (six surveyed GT fleets, 50% of the responders)
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50 Clean Vehicles, Fuels, and Practices for Airport Private Ground Transportation Providers relies on a network of personal, rather than commercial vehicles that are operated and owned by individual drivers. This allows TNCs to maintain large fleets of vehicles with no employees/ drivers and avoid the responsibility of the costs associated with owning and operating vehicles, as well as government regulations that apply to commercial vehicles.
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