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From page 4...
... 4 CHAPTER 2. SYNTHESIS OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE Top-down cracking of asphalt pavements initiates at pavement surface and propagates downward through the asphalt layer.
From page 5...
... 5 Based on the factors identified from the literature search, a complete top-down cracking model should include the following submodels to accurately predict the growth of top-down cracks:  Mixture material property models  Mixture aging models  Traffic traction stress and strain models  Traffic load spectrum models  Thermal stress models  Pavement temperature models  Crack initiation models  Crack propagation models  Finite element crack growth models  Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) models  Cumulative damage models  Observed geometry of a crack as it propagates downward They are discussed in more detail as follows.
From page 6...
... 6 or material responses (e.g. tensile stress and strain)
From page 7...
... 7 Thermal Stress Models The thermal stress models documented in 18 relevant journal articles and reports are reviewed. Thermal cooling in the pavement intensifies the tensile stresses for surface cracking (4, 23)
From page 8...
... 8 Crack Propagation Models The crack propagation models documented in 24 relevant journal articles and reports are reviewed. In general, the methods to predict crack growth can be categorized into: 1)
From page 9...
... 9 top-down cracking caused by thermal loading and traffic loading are combined to calculate the cumulative damage in asphalt layers (7, 66)

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