Climate Change and Ecosystems (2019) / Chapter Skim
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1 Ecosystems Are Rapidly Changing
1 Ecosystems Are Rapidly Changing
Pages 5-13
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In: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty.
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2013. Abrupt Impacts of Climate Change: Anticipating Surprises.
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FIGURE A Potential 21st-century climate and ecosystem tipping points linked to climate change.
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Human pressures such as landscape fragmentation can result in animal and plant species existing in more patchy environments than in the past, often in small are big changes that populations. Such landscape fragmentation reduces species' capacity to migrate in are fast in time … response to climate change and other stressors.
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, which could cause cropland expansion -- primarily by converting natural ecosystems to agricultural production -- with negative consequences for ecosystem services, such as reduced water quality, air quality, and biodiversity.13 Nutrient loading or scarcity is an additional compounding factor in global agricultural patterns. The linkage between climate change and agriculture is further complicated by the role that agriculture itself plays in driving further climate change.
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At the same time, agricultural ecosystems can take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which helps to mitigate climate change, and there is potential to increase this uptake (see Chapter 3)
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Both freshwater and marine systems are sources of food, transport, waste disposal, energy production, and protection for shorelines and coastal communities. Freshwater Ecosystems Abrupt and irreversible changes in the makeup and function of freshwater ecosystems are increasingly likely with climate change.16 Many freshwater species have shifted their ranges, 15 Dudgeon, D
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Freshwater in the ocean, even in systems also face many other threats, including pollution, dams, fishing, watershed modification, and invasive species. Even seemingly isolated riverine ecosystems, such as places that used to portions of Amazonia, are being affected by mining, deforestation, and the construc be so far away from tion of dams.17 Meanwhile, 4 billion people already face severe water scarcity, which us that we couldn't may be further exacerbated by climate change.18 imagine having any Marine Ecosystems impacts at all." -- Nancy Knowlton, Marine ecosystems also face many threats from climate change.
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Fisheries are unmanaged or poorly managed across much of the world, and declines in these systems continue in most regions. Marine ecosystems are also much more intensively used today than in the past for purposes beyond fishing, including energy generation, transport, mining, and waste disposal.
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