ACRP Web-Only Document 41: Alternative Jet Fuels Emissions: Quantification Methods Creation and Validation Report (2019) / Chapter Skim
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From page 65... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 65 References Reference 1 PM Characteristics of Low NOx Combustor Burning Biodiesel and its Blends with Kerosene Abstract PM emissions from gas turbine engines have increasing attention due to their impact on global climate change, human health and local air quality. Most of the existing data for particle size distribution in aero engines is for diffusion or rich/lean type combustors where the rich zones generate solid nano particle carbon emissions.
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From page 66... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 66 Reference 2 Alternative Aviation Fuel Experiment (AAFEX) Abstract The rising cost of oil coupled with the need to reduce pollution and dependence on foreign suppliers has spurred great interest and activity in developing alternative aviation fuels.
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From page 67... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 67 Reference 3 Alternative Fuel Effects on Contrails & Cruise Emissions (ACCESS-2) Flight Experiment Abstract Although the emission performance of gas turbine engines burning renewable aviation fuels have been thoroughly documented in recent ground-based studies, there is still great uncertainty regarding how the fuels effect aircraft exhaust composition and contrail formation at cruise altitudes.
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From page 68... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 68 Reference 4 ASTM D1655-16a, Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels Abstract This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract. This specification defines the minimum property requirements for Jet A and Jet A-1 aviation turbine fuel and lists acceptable additives for use in civil operated engines and aircrafts.
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From page 69... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 69 Reference 5 ASTM D7566-16b, Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons Abstract Appendix Section X1.2 Significance and Use of ASTM D1655 was recently modified via D02 (17-01) Item 046 to adopt wording that is more general in nature and better reflects the true intent of the subcommittee.
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From page 70... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 70 Reference 6 Reductions in Aircraft Particulate Emissions due to the use of Fischer–Tropsch Fuels Abstract The use of alternative fuels for aviation is likely to increase due to concerns over fuel security, price stability, and the sustainability of fuel sources. Concurrent reductions in particulate emissions from these alternative fuels are expected because of changes in fuel composition including reduced sulfur and aromatic content.
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From page 71... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 71 Reductions in Aircraft Particulate Emissions due to the use of Fischer–Tropsch Fuels on local air quality surrounding airports in cold regions. Aircraftproduced aerosols in these regions will be much larger than levels expected based solely on measurements made directly at the engine exit plane.
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From page 72... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 72 Reference 7 An Experimental Comparison of the Emissions Characteristics of Standard Jet A-1 and Synthetic Fuels Abstract Emissions characteristics of lean, turbulent, partially premixed swirled flames of synthetic fuels along with a standard Jet A-1 fuel are studied. The investigated synthetic fuels are (a)
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From page 73... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 73 Reference 8 Recent developments in studies of alternative jet fuel combustion: Progress, challenges, and opportunities Abstract With the growing air transport demand and concerns about its environmental impacts, alternative jet fuels derived from nonconventional sources have become an important strategy for achieving a sustainable and green aviation. In the past 10 years, governments around the world along with aviation industry have invested significant efforts into exploring all sorts of alternative jet fuels that can be used to power aircraft engines.
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From page 74... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 74 Reference 9 Aviation Gas Turbine Alternative Fuels: A Review Abstract During the last years, the aviation sector has been looking into alternatives to kerosene from crude oil, to combat climate change by reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and to ensure security of supply at affordable prices.
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From page 75... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 75 Reference 10 Evaluation of Bio-Derived Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosenes (Bio-SPK) Abstract It is of paramount importance that our industry must continue to progressively improve its environmental performance and lessen impacts to the global ecosystem, while continuing to reduce operating costs.
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From page 76... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 76 Reference 11 Effects of Fuel Aromatic Content on Nonvolatile Particulate Emissions of an In-Production Aircraft Gas Turbine Abstract Aircraft engines emit particulate matter (PM) that affects the air quality in the vicinity of airports and contributes to climate change.
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From page 77... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 77 Reference 12 Characterization of Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from a Turboshaft Engine Burning Conventional, Alternative, and Surrogate Fuels Abstract The effect of fuel composition on the operability and gaseous and PM emissions of an Allison T63-A-700 turboshaft engine operated at four power settings was investigated in this effort. Testing was performed with a specification JP-8, a SPK, and four two-component surrogate mixtures that comprise compound classes within current and future alternative fuels.
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From page 78... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 78 Reference 13 Energy and Environmental Viability of Select Alternative Jet Fuel Pathways Abstract This paper analyzes alternative jet fuels in terms of how they could change emissions from military and civil aircraft and in terms of the challenges in meeting future energy goals. Estimations of the continental United States (CONUS)
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From page 79... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 79 Reference 14 Environmental and Economic Assessment of Microalgae-Derived Jet Fuel Abstract Significant efforts must be undertaken to quantitatively assess various alternative jet fuel pathways when working towards achieving environmental and economic United States commercial and military alternative aviation fuel goals within the next decade. This thesis provides LCAs of the environmental and economic impacts of cultivating and harvesting phototrophic microalgae; extracting, transporting, and processing algal oils to hydrocarbon fuels; and distributing and combusting the processed renewable jet fuel for a pilot scale facility.
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From page 80... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 80 Reference 15 Characterization of Emissions from the Use of Alternative Aviation Fuels, Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power Abstract Alternative fuels for aviation are now a reality. These fuels not only reduce reliance on conventional petroleum-based fuels as the primary propulsion source, but also offer promise for environmental sustainability.
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From page 81... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 81 Reference 16 Experimental Study of the Gaseous and Particulate Matter Emissions from a Gas Turbine Combustor Burning Butyl Butyrate and Ethanol Blends Abstract This paper reports the gaseous pollutants and PM emissions of a gas turbine combustor burning butyl butyrate and ethanol blends. The gas turbine has been tested under two operational conditions to represent the cruising (condition 1)
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From page 82... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 82 Reference 17 D4.3 Emissions Report and Database of Systems Key Performance Parameters Abstract In the development of alternative fuels for aviation there have been a number of significant scale research projects within the EU: SWAFEA (2008-2011) investigated the impact and feasibility of using alternative fuels in aviation; Alfabird (2009-2012)
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From page 83... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 83 D4.3 Emissions Report and Database of Systems Key Performance Parameters allows performance and emission trends to be assessed with statistically significant confidence. The ITAKA MCA biofuel sourced from SkyNRG was derived from used cooking oil, while a straight run Jet A-1 sourced from within the UK was used as both baseline and blend component fuel.
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From page 84... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 84 Reference 18 Gas Turbine Engine Nonvolatile Particulate Matter Mass Emissions: Correlation with Smoke Number for Conventional and Alternative Fuel Blends Abstract This study evaluates the relationship between the emissions parameters of smoke number (SN) and mass concentration of nonvolatile PM (nvPM)
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From page 85... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 85 Reference 19 An Overview of the National Jet Fuels Combustion Program Abstract This paper provides an overview of the National Jet Fuels Combustion Program led by the Federal Aviation Administration, the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, and the NASA.
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From page 86... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 86 Reference 20 Alternative Fuels Tests on a C-17 Aircraft: Emissions Characteristics Abstract Emissions evaluations were conducted on a C-17 Globemaster III F117-PW-100 engine operated with alternative fuels blends. These tests support the USAF goal of 50% domestic fuel consumption using alternative (synthetic)
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From page 87... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 87 Reference 21 Chemical, Thermal Stability, Seal Swell, and Emissions Studies of Alternative Jet Fuels Abstract This effort describes laboratory evaluations of six alternative (nonpetroleum) jet fuel candidates derived from coal, natural gas, Camelina, and animal fat.
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From page 88... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 88 Reference 22 Comparison of Emissions Characteristics of Several Turbine Engines Burning Fischer-Tropsch and Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids Alternative Jet Fuels Abstract A summary of the impacts of alternative fuel blends on the gaseous and PM (mostly soot) emissions of aircraft turbine engines is presented.
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From page 89... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 89 Reference 23 Reduced Emissions Via Synthesized Aromatic Kerosene Abstract Virent provides a low cost, bio-based route to drop-in products. Its BioForming® Technology is a leading catalytic route that allows feedstocks to direct replacement fuels and chemicals.
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From page 90... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 90 Reference 24 Alternative Aviation Fuel Experiment II (AAFEX II) Overview Abstract Description and results from the Alternative Aviation Fuel Experiment II (AAFEX II)
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From page 91... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 91 Reference 25 Scaling Air Quality Effects from Alternative Jet Fuel in Aircraft and Ground Support Equipment Abstract Many of the nation's largest airports, including Los Angeles International Airport, the Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Chicago O'Hare International Airport and Washington Dulles International Airport are located within areas designated by the EPA as having ambient PM concentrations that exceed National Ambient Air Quality Standards. When inhaled, fine PM can enter the blood stream from the lungs and increase the risk of illness and premature mortality.
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From page 92... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 92 Reference 26 Evaluation of Alcohol to Jet Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosenes (ATK-SPK) Abstract In 2009 a new ASTM specification (D7566-09, Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons)
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From page 93... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 93 Reference 27 Particulate Emissions Hazards Associated with Fueling Heat Engines Abstract All hydrocarbon- (HC-) fueled heat engine exhaust (tailpipe)
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From page 94... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 94 Reference 28 Comparison of Combustion Properties Between a Synthetic Jet Fuel and Conventional Jet A-1 Abstract Aviation fuel is a petroleum product that fulfills the Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels. Crude oil has been the raw material for production of aviation fuels for many years.
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From page 95... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 95 Reference 29 Effect of Soot Structure Evolution from Commercial Jet Engine Burning Petroleum Based JP-8 and Synthetic HRJ and FT Fuels Abstract Soot from jet engines is relevant to environmental and health concerns. In this study, JP-8, HRJ (hydrotreated renewable jet)
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From page 96... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 96 Reference 30 ICAO Airport Air Quality Manual Abstract This manual covers an evolving area of knowledge and represents currently available information that is sufficiently well-established to warrant inclusion in international guidance. This manual covers issues related to the assessment of airport-related air quality that are either specifically within the remit of the ICAO (such as main engine emissions)
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From page 97... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 97 Reference 31 Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution, How Safe is the Air We Breathe? Abstract Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution aims to provide the reader with an overview of the health effects of air pollution in human subjects.
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From page 98... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 98 Reference 32 Hazardous Air Pollutants and Asthma Abstract Asthma has a high prevalence in the United States, and persons with asthma may be at added risk from the adverse effects of HAPs. Complex mixtures (fine PM and tobacco smoke)
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From page 99... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 99 Reference 33 Evaluation of Amyris Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon (DSHC) Fuel Abstract This report documents an engine test and a combustor test performed by Pratt & Whitney (P&W)
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From page 100... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 100 Reference 34 Influence of Fuel Composition, Engine Power, and Operation Mode on Exhaust Gas Particulate Size Distribution and Gaseous Emissions from a Gas Turbine Engine Abstract The impact of fuel composition, engine power (idle and full power) and operation mode (cold and hot idle)
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From page 101... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 101 Reference 35 Quantification of Aldehydes Emissions from Alternative and Renewable Aviation Fuels using a Gas Turbine Engine Abstract In this research three renewable aviation fuel blends including two HEFA blends and one Fatty Acids Ethyl Ester (FAE) blend with conventional Jet A-1 along with a GTL fuel have been tested for their aldehydes emissions on a small gas turbine engine.
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From page 102... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 102 Reference 36 Comparison of PM Emissions from a Commercial Jet Engine Burning Conventional, Biomass, and FischerTropsch Fuels Abstract Rising fuel costs, an increasing desire to enhance security of energy supply, and potential environmental benefits have driven research into alternative renewable fuels for commercial aviation applications. This paper reports the results of the first measurements of PM emissions from a CFM56-7B commercial jet engine burning conventional and alternative biomass- and, Fischer–Tropsch (F-T)
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From page 103... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 103 Reference 37 Evaluation of Non-volatile Particulate Matter Emission Characteristics of an Aircraft Auxiliary Power Unit with Varying Alternative Jet Fuel Blend Ratios. Energy and Fuels Abstract The aviation industry is increasingly focused on the development of sustainable alternative fuels to augment and diversify fuel supplies while simultaneously reducing its environmental impact.
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From page 104... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 104 Reference 38 Influence of Jet Fuel Composition on Aircraft Engine Emissions: A Synthesis of Aerosol Emissions Data from the NASA APEX, AAFEX, and ACCESS Missions Abstract We statistically analyze the impact of jet fuel properties on aerosols emitted by the NASA Douglas DC-8 (Tail No.
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From page 105... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 105 Reference 39 Biofuel Blending Reduces PM Emissions from Aircraft Engines at Cruise Conditions Abstract Aviation-related aerosol emissions contribute to the formation of contrail cirrus clouds that can alter upper tropospheric radiation and water budgets, and therefore climate(1)
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From page 106... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 106 Reference 40 Comparative Evaluation of Semi-Synthetic Jet Fuels (FT-SPK) Abstract This report compares the properties and characteristics of five blends of individual SPKs with petroleum-based Jet A, Jet A-1 or JP-8 fuel to make semi-synthetic jet fuels (SSJF)
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From page 107... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 107 Reference 41 Evaluation of Synthesized Aromatics Co-Produced with Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene for the Production of SemiSynthetic Jet Fuel (SKA) Abstract This report compares the properties and characteristics of a Synthesized Kerosene containing Aromatics (SKA)
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From page 108... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 108 Reference 42 Evaluation of Synthesized Iso-Paraffins Produced from Hydroprocessed Fermented Sugars (SIP Fuels) Abstract Total and Amyris are producing, from biomass, a farnesane aviation grade that is a high quality hydrocarbon grade.
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From page 109... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 109 Evaluation of Synthesized Iso-Paraffins Produced from Hydroprocessed Fermented Sugars (SIP Fuels) and Amyris are pursuing the ASTM approval for the use of jet fuel containing farnesane at an incorporation rate up to 10 vol.
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From page 110... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 110 Reference 43 Estimation and Comparison of Particle Number Emission Factors for Petroleum-based and Camelina Biofuel Blends used in a Honeywell TFE-109 Turbofan Engine Abstract The experiments to estimate the total PM emissions factors for three types of fuels used in a high bypass turbofan engine were conducted at the National Testing Facility for Aerospace Fuels (NaTeF) during April 2014.
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From page 111... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 111 Reference 44 Alternate-fueled Combustor-sector Performance: Part A: Combustor Performance Part B: Combustor Emissions Abstract Alternate aviation fuels for military or commercial use are required to satisfy MIL-DTL-83133F or ASTM D 7566 standards, respectively, and are classified as "drop-in'' fuel replacements. To satisfy legacy issues, blends to 50% alternate fuel with petroleum fuels are acceptable.
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From page 112... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 112 Reference 45 Black Carbon Emissions Reductions from Combustion of Alternative Jet Fuels Abstract Recent measurement campaigns for alternative aviation fuels indicate that BC emissions from gas turbines are reduced significantly with the use of alternative jet fuels that are low in aromatic content. This could have significant climate and air quality-related benefits that are currently not accounted for in environmental assessments of alternative jet fuels.
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From page 113... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 113 Reference 46 Impact of Aviation Non-CO2 Combustion Effects on the Environmental Feasibility of Alternative Jet Fuels Abstract Alternative fuels represent a potential option for reducing the climate impacts of the aviation sector. The climate impacts of alternatives fuel are traditionally considered as a ratio of life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG)
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From page 114... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 114 Reference 47 Combustion Products of Petroleum Jet Fuel, a Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Fuel, and a Biomass Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Fuel for a Gas Turbine Engine Abstract We report combustion emissions data for several alternatives to petroleum-based Jet A jet fuel, including a natural gas-derived Fischer– Tropsch (FT) synthetic fuel; a 50/50 blend of the FT synthetic fuel with Jet A-1; a 20/80 blend of a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)
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From page 115... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 115 Reference 48 Insights into the Combustion Chemistry Within a Gas-Turbine Driven Auxiliary Power Unit as a Function of Fuel Type and Power Level using Soot Nanostructure as a Tracer Abstract Particulate emissions were collected from an APU directly upon TEM grids for particle characterization by HRTEM. Carbonaceous emissions from two fuels, a coal-based Fischer–Tropsch and standard JP-8 were compared, each at three power levels.
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From page 116... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 116 Reference 49 Effects of Bio-Derived Fuels on Emissions and Performance Using a 9-Point Lean Direct Injection Low Emissions Concept Abstract A 9-Point Lean Direct low emissions combustor concept was utilized to evaluate gaseous emissions performance of two bio-derived alternative jet fuels and a JP-8 fuel for comparison. Gaseous emissions were measured in a flame tube operating at inlet temperatures from 650 up to 1030 F, pressures of 150, 250, and 350 psia, and a range of fuel/air ratios.
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From page 117... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 117 Reference 50 The Impact of Advanced Biofuels on Aviation Emissions and Operations in the U.S. Abstract We analyze the economic and emissions impacts on U.S.
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From page 118... ...
Emissions Quantification Methodology Report: ACRP 02-80 Quantifying Emissions Reductions at Airports from the Use of Alternative Jet Fuel Emissions Quantification Methodology Report Page 118 Reference 51 Sustainable Bio-Derived Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (Bio-SPK) Jet Fuel Flights and Engine Tests Program Results Abstract This paper describes the results of an industry effort to test Bio-derived Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (Bio-SPK)
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