The National Academies Press

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Pages 12-44

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From page 12... ... 12 C H A P T E R 3 A comprehensive security preparedness approach includes • Policies, plans, and protocols that specifically describe the agency's approaches and are integrated into the daily business of the agency. • Security staffing decisions that recognize the safety and security needs of the specific transit system, the expectations of customers, and the political environment. Read the entire page →
From page 13... ... Preparedness Strategy and Approaches: Literature Review 13 threats and the vulnerabilities within a transit agency's system. A TVA helps decision-makers evaluate risks, identify priorities, and select solutions. Read the entire page →
From page 14... ... 14 Transit Security Preparedness NCHRP Research Report 930: Security 101: A Physical Security and Cybersecurity Primer for Transportation Agencies (Frazier, Western, et al., forthcoming) discusses risk management and provides information on security assessments in more detail. Read the entire page →
From page 15... ... Preparedness Strategy and Approaches: Literature Review 15 The National Transit Database (NTD) defines assault as "an unlawful attack by one person on another." Assaults are categorized within NTD as personal security events, which are security events that occur to individuals on transit property. Read the entire page →
From page 16... ... 16 Transit Security Preparedness Community activists have argued that punishments for fare evasion -- often three-figure fines and a criminal record -- do not fit the crime and that they disproportionately target lowincome people of color. Some cities and some transit agencies, in response, have begun to decriminalize fare evasion. Read the entire page →
From page 17... ... Preparedness Strategy and Approaches: Literature Review 17 With resource constraints it is difficult, if not impossible, to do all that could be done to protect all transit assets at all times. Therefore, establishing priorities is critical. Read the entire page →
From page 18... ... 18 Transit Security Preparedness Intelligence- and information-sharing partnerships are common to most transit agencies. Security information is shared among transit and railroad industry personnel, local and state law enforcement agencies, DHS, and the FBI via the Surface Transportation and Public Transit Information Sharing and Analysis Centers. Read the entire page →
From page 19... ... Preparedness Strategy and Approaches: Literature Review 19 Interdiction and Disruption Interdiction is both the action of prohibiting and the action of intercepting and preventing. In terms of protective measures, this is largely influencing how the criminal or offender interprets the risk of apprehension or personal loss. Read the entire page →
From page 20... ... 20 Transit Security Preparedness Screening, Search, and Detection Passenger security inspections (PSIs) are suspicionless inspections of transit passengers by transit security or staff that can deter and detect terrorist activity. Read the entire page →
From page 21... ... Preparedness Strategy and Approaches: Literature Review 21 CCTV can be a powerful tool for transit agencies when its design, technology, and implementation matches the intended use. A number of studies carried out in the United Kingdom, which probably has the highest number of cameras per capita of any nation, conclude that CCTV does make a modest but significant contribution to crime reduction. Read the entire page →
From page 22... ... 22 Transit Security Preparedness public access to surveillance video, and retention policies regarding video. This digest explores federal and state laws to address these issues, along with the current practices employed by transit agencies to comply with those laws. Read the entire page →
From page 23... ... Preparedness Strategy and Approaches: Literature Review 23 Audio/Video Recording. The ability to record sight and sound comes standard on most new bus fleets bought by city and state transit agencies. Read the entire page →
From page 24... ... 24 Transit Security Preparedness results (i.e., false matches) for women and darker-skinned individuals. Read the entire page →
From page 25... ... Preparedness Strategy and Approaches: Literature Review 25 alarm and intrusion detection systems, lighting, and surveillance systems and monitoring. A forthcoming update to Security 101 (Frazier, Western, et al., forthcoming) Read the entire page →
From page 26... ... 26 Transit Security Preparedness Use of Visible, Unpredictable Deterrence. Read the entire page →
From page 27... ... Preparedness Strategy and Approaches: Literature Review 27 Deployment Strategies The deployment of security personnel is ideally based on a detailed analysis of safety and security needs of the specific transit system. Through identification of various risks that exist in the transit system, followed by evaluations of risk mitigation strategies, security personnel can be deployed to implement these strategies. Read the entire page →
From page 28... ... 28 Transit Security Preparedness information is somewhat dated, the activities referenced remain consistent with transit policing problems and issues today. In fact, many of the programs, or similar approaches to those listed, continue to be used. Read the entire page →
From page 29... ... Preparedness Strategy and Approaches: Literature Review 29 policies and processes that completely fit the agency's goals and objectives. There are challenges with this model, as it is costly, legislation may be required to be recognized as law enforcement, and it takes time to develop the capacity and the relationships with other law enforcement jurisdictions and security entities to make it effective. Read the entire page →
From page 30... ... 30 Transit Security Preparedness or multiple entities joined together to provide transit policing services. There are multiple transit agencies that employ this model: Caltrain contracts with the San Mateo County Sheriff's Office; TriMet contracts with approximately 15 Portland-area law enforcement agencies. Read the entire page →
From page 31... ... Preparedness Strategy and Approaches: Literature Review 31 Policing Services, PERF conducted research (Miller et al. Read the entire page →
From page 32... ... 32 Transit Security Preparedness situations that may arise on systems, especially those that involve individuals with mental illness or disorderly conduct. The ASIS International Private Security Officer Selection and Training (PSO) Read the entire page →
From page 33... ... Preparedness Strategy and Approaches: Literature Review 33 surface transportation or security organizations, identified training content needs that are summarized in Table 1. The study found retraining and targeted retraining with performance monitoring were best practices. Read the entire page →
From page 34... ... 34 Transit Security Preparedness programs and techniques for frontline employees. The report includes an overview of types of innovative training strategies, including simulations, gaming, adaptive learning and intelligent tutoring, transmedia, web-based training, mobile, and social media. Read the entire page →
From page 35... ... Preparedness Strategy and Approaches: Literature Review 35 drills, transit systems need to also conduct regular, transit-focused drills. It is important that such drills test response and recovery to both natural disasters and terrorist attacks. Read the entire page →
From page 36... ... 36 Transit Security Preparedness TSA I-STEP Active Shooter Training and Exercise The TSA I-STEP conducted an active shooter training and exercise at a transportation conference in Arizona in 2016. The training and exercise addressed FEMA's Prevention, Protection, and Response mission areas -- specifically the Interdiction and Disruption, Physical Protective Measures, and Environmental Response/ Health and Safety core capabilities. Read the entire page →
From page 37... ... Preparedness Strategy and Approaches: Literature Review 37 Awareness Campaigns for Public and Transit Employees Today employee and public awareness programs are widely viewed as a core component of a transit agency's system security plan. The 9/11 Act recognized that security awareness training -- how to observe, assess and respond to threats and incidents -- is an important and effective part of security preparedness. Read the entire page →
From page 38... ... 38 Transit Security Preparedness In 2010, DHS licensed the use of the MTA's "If You See Something, Say Something" slogan for its anti-terrorism efforts in surface transportation and other key sectors. Employee Awareness Programs The APTA Recommended Practice Security Awareness Training for Transit Employees (APTA 2012) Read the entire page →
From page 39... ... Preparedness Strategy and Approaches: Literature Review 39 • What to do when they see it -- Straightforward and simple directions (i.e., call or text a certain number, inform a transit employee, etc.) regarding what to do when a suspicious activity or package is spotted are critical. Read the entire page →
From page 40... ... 40 Transit Security Preparedness If riders believe an agency and its employees are concerned for their welfare and are trying to meet their needs, they are more likely to respond to requests for support and cooperation. Planning and implementing public awareness activities in isolation from other agency issues and operations limits their potential to effect real change. Read the entire page →
From page 41... ... Preparedness Strategy and Approaches: Literature Review 41 Spotlight: MTA, NJ Transit, and Amtrak Joint Program The MTA, NJ Transit, and Amtrak launched a public safety campaign, "Let's Travel Safely, Together" in 2015, offering safety tips for customers traveling through New York City's Penn Station. The campaign includes posters, videos, handout maps, public address announcements, and advertisements using the animated green and red "bubble people" already made famous in courtesy campaigns on New York City subways and buses, the Long Island Rail Road, and the Metro-North Railroad. Read the entire page →
From page 42... ... Spotlight: WMATA "STOP Harassment" WMATA launched a public awareness campaign to STOP harassment, with ads running in D.C. Metro stations in conjunction with Sexual Assault Awareness Month and Stop Street Harassment Week in 2019. Read the entire page →
From page 43... ... Preparedness Strategy and Approaches: Literature Review 43 Technology: Mobile Applications A recent technology in use for transit security is mobile software applications (apps) that allow passengers to use their mobile devices -- phone, tablet, or watch -- to safely get involved and easily interact with the transit agency to report an issue to transit agency authorities such as suspicious activity, people, or objects; disruptive behavior; and safety or maintenance issues. Read the entire page →
From page 44... ... 44 Transit Security Preparedness Some transit agencies are providing another option to report suspicious or unwanted behavior -- texting. Agencies have found that people may not call or get involved, but they will send a text. Read the entire page →

From page 12...

... 12 C H A P T E R 3 A comprehensive security preparedness approach includes • Policies, plans, and protocols that specifically describe the agency's approaches and are integrated into the daily business of the agency. • Security staffing decisions that recognize the safety and security needs of the specific transit system, the expectations of customers, and the political environment.