Highway Hydraulic Engineering State of Practice (2020) / Chapter Skim
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5 Introduction The literature review summarizes the results from searching state DOT manuals, additional policies, procedures, and technical memoranda for topics as defined in the scope. The information collected from the states was informed by the results from the survey -- the responses from the states provided a guide to policy and practice that was researched.
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6 Highway Hydraulic Engineering State of Practice Colorado Colorado DOT considers design storm frequency and roadway type in determining spread criteria. In Colorado, highway classification (along with highway speed)
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Literature Review 7 State Roadway Drainage Culverts Aquatic Organism Passage Bridges Scour Computations and Countermeasures Advanced Hydraulic Modeling Regulatory Requirements Floodplain Impacts and Mitigation Coastal Hydraulics Alternative Project Delivery Methods Alaska x x California x x Colorado x x x x Delaware x x Florida x Georgia x x x Hawaii x Illinois x Indiana x Louisiana x Maine x x Maryland x x x x Michigan x x Minnesota x x x x x Nebraska x New Hampshire x New Mexico x New York x x x North Carolina x x x Ohio x x x Oregon x x x Pennsylvania x x x Rhode Island x South Dakota x Tennessee x x Texas x x x x Utah x x x x Vermont x x Virginia x x x x Washington x x x West Virginia x Wyoming x Table 1. States highlighted within the literature review.
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8 Highway Hydraulic Engineering State of Practice North Carolina In North Carolina, permanent spread criteria for major arterials depends on the speed limit: speeds less than 45 mph and sag points use the shoulder width plus 3 ft, while speeds greater than 45 mph use shoulder width only, with both using a 10-year design storm. For minor arterials and speeds less than 45 mph with sag points, spread is calculated using half of a travel lane width; spread for those arterials greater than 45 mph are calculated using shoulder width only (North Carolina DOT 2016)
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Literature Review 9 and average velocities using flume and computational fluid dynamics models for low flows in large culverts. Culvert assessment and asset management systems have been developed to account for AOP.
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10 Highway Hydraulic Engineering State of Practice New Hampshire New Hampshire DOT follows New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NHDES) rules for structure permitting and the New Hampshire Stream Crossing Initiative Field Manual that was created from a partnership of state agencies.
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Literature Review 11 Virginia The Virginia DOT Drainage Manual requires countersinking of culverts, whereby the bottom of the culvert is placed below the bed of the stream, as prescribed necessary in a streambed under jurisdiction of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)
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12 Highway Hydraulic Engineering State of Practice Illinois Illinois DOT conducted a research study on contraction and pier scour prediction in cohesive soils: Pier and Contraction Prediction in Cohesive Soils at Selected Bridge in Illinois (Illinois Center for Transportation, et al.
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Literature Review 13 inspections. Maine DOT evaluated over 350 bridges during 2007-08, and the scour-critical bridges were flagged as requiring flood monitoring or countermeasures (Maine DOT 2014)
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14 Highway Hydraulic Engineering State of Practice showing that matrix riprap can provide up to three times the shear strength of non-grouted riprap (Minnesota DOT 2015b)
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Literature Review 15 performing scour analysis for the different bridge/culvert types are provided (Nuccitelli 2019, Texas DOT 2018a)
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16 Highway Hydraulic Engineering State of Practice Advanced Hydraulic Modeling State information available focused on 2D hydraulic modeling, as most states responding indicated little use of 1D unsteady, 3D steady/unsteady, or sediment transport modeling in policy or practice. New Mexico and Rhode Island indicated sediment transport capacity calculations were previously required, and California and Ohio indicated policy pending, but information regarding use of 2D or 3D modeling was not located.
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Literature Review 17 steady and unsteady models may be applied to complicated hydraulic conditions such as large overbank bridge crossings, large variations in roughness, multiple channels, and islands, where 1D models may lead to costly or improper overdesigns (Colorado DOT 2009)
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18 Highway Hydraulic Engineering State of Practice pooled fund study with the FHWA in which they identified more applicable models for unsteady tidal hydraulics and associated scour analysis: UNET, FESWMS-2D, and RMA2 (Vermont DOT 2017)
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Literature Review 19 by floodplains. This applies to federal buildings, structures, roads, or facilities impacting a floodplain (Tennessee DOT 2012)
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20 Highway Hydraulic Engineering State of Practice physical, and operational constraints, and all solutions must be considered before a waiver is granted (Hawaii DOT 2015)
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Literature Review 21 California The Caltrans NPDES Statewide Stormwater Permit regulates stormwater and non-stormwater discharges from Caltrans properties. Construction must comply with a construction general permit, implement a year-round program to control discharges, and meet water quality standards through BMPs such as biofiltration swales and strips, earthen berms, sand filters, and solids removal devices.
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22 Highway Hydraulic Engineering State of Practice As a part of the Clean Water Act, a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) is created for pollutants impairing a given body of water.
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Literature Review 23 a Letter of Map Change from Colorado DOT must be sent to the FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) requesting a revision and certification (Colorado DOT 2017)
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24 Highway Hydraulic Engineering State of Practice Figure 7. Integrated MDE/FEMA Submittal Process Flow Charts.
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Literature Review 25 Additionally, Minnesota DOT has many ongoing flood mitigation projects across the state. One example is the Minnesota River Flood Mitigation Study initiated by Minnesota DOT to investigate feasible designs at river crossings in the Minnesota River Valley that minimize flood risk during seasonal flooding.
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26 Highway Hydraulic Engineering State of Practice With the increased use of coastal hydrodynamic modeling by transportation engineering professionals, the FHWA issued a manual (Webb 2017) to provide guidance on the use of coastal models in the planning and design of coastal highways and bridges, as well as when to solicit the expertise of a coastal engineer.
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Literature Review 27 preserving existing and creating additional marshes, and protecting the eroding shoreline using oyster reefs and oyster shell bags (Figure 8)
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28 Highway Hydraulic Engineering State of Practice Louisiana Sheppard et al.
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Literature Review 29 and included protection against anticipated future coastal impacts, estimated construction and maintenance costs, and implementation benefits and challenges (Oregon DOT 2014, Oregon DOT 2016)
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30 Highway Hydraulic Engineering State of Practice Maine Maine DOT uses the alternative project delivery methods of "Design-Build Projects" and "Construction Manager/General Contractor Projects." The Design-Build Project flowchart that Maine DOT uses is shown in Figure 9. For the Design-Build Projects, the process starts with issuance of a Request for Statement of Interest (RFSOI)
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Literature Review 31 • Locating the new bridge in the same location as the existing bridge; • Demolition and removal of the existing steel girder bridges; • In-water pier construction; • Design speed of 70 mph; • On-site maintenance of two lanes of interstate traffic in each direction at all times; • Approaches to tie as quickly as possible into the existing interstate alignment; • Net zero impact to the FEMA 500-year and 100-year floodplains; • Design speed of 55 mph for temporary works during construction; and • Cross sections consisting of two 12-ft travel lanes and two 2-ft shoulders for each direction during construction (Maine DOT 2019a, 2019b, 2019c)
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32 Highway Hydraulic Engineering State of Practice North Carolina The North Carolina DOT design-build program and submittal process was developed for expedited review with emphasis on project safety; ensuring environmental compliance, national, and state manuals and code requirements are met; and that RFP requirements are fulfilled. North Carolina DOT hydraulics policy is clearly defined in North Carolina DOT Design-Build Submittal Guidelines (North Carolina DOT 2009)
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Literature Review 33 o. Post-construction stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP)
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34 Highway Hydraulic Engineering State of Practice Utah Utah DOT uses Design-Build and CM/GC alternative contracting methods. The schedules for documents are set using a Microsoft Project template.
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