Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability (2020) / Chapter Skim
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-1 Appendix A – Literature Review
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-2 1.0 Introduction This report summarizes the results of Task 1 of the TCRP A-42 research, a literature review of documents addressing some aspect of bus service reliability. A total of 168 documents were identified as being related to bus service reliability and reviewed.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-3 Figure 1.2 – Count of Resources Reviewed by Country of Origin The majority of documents reviewed (57.1 percent) came from researchers in the United States (U.S.)
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-4 The findings from relevant documents reviewed throughout this process are summarized in the sections that follow. A tabular summary of the findings from relevant documents is included in the Appendix A-1.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-5 agencies and vehicles has led to a dramatic shift in the availability of data for measuring, monitoring, and improving bus service reliability. With these technologies, transit agencies are increasingly able to: 1)
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-6 2.0 Defining Bus Service Reliability Many different definitions of bus service reliability have emerged over the years. One of the early definitions of reliability that has been cited repeatedly is "the invariability of service attributes which influence decisions of travelers and transportation providers" [2]
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-7 2.2 Customer-Focused Definitions In TCRP Report 165: Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual (3rd Edition) , reliability is defined from the passenger's perspective as pertaining to arriving at destinations on-time and not having to wait too long at bus stops.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-8 3.0 Reliability Metrics and Measurement Several decades of research have produced more than 150 different metrics for measuring reliability. While some of the metrics and measures from the research are synonymous or slight variations on each other (schedule adherence and on-time performance, for example)
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-9 (cited in two studies)
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-10 performance was very important on medical trips, somewhat important on commuting trips and not very important on social and shopping trips [154]
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-11 Schil introduced the Normalized Reliability Buffer Time (NRBT) , which is defined as reliability buffer time divided by the median journey time for the O-D pair and period of interest [125]
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-12 Several new indicators, including many that are customer-focused, were proposed in 2015 alone, including the Journey Time Buffer Index (JTBI)
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-13 the target user of the measure, and the area size. Of the measures considered, percent variation, misery index, and buffer time index were recommended [94]
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-14 Figure 3.7 – Reliability Metric Definitions from NCHRP Report 618 [23]
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-15 Consideration of desirable qualities and useful classification systems for reliability metrics has extended well beyond the United States. In Switzerland, Carrasco organized his measures of bus service reliability as relating to: Travel time (mean and 5th and 95th percentiles)
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-16 Of these, big facts and future-focused metrics seemed to offer the most promise, though many passengers may not find reliability metrics to be useful and may instead choose to rely on their own experiences to judge a system's reliability. He also described desirable qualities for journey time reliability metrics as being customer-driven, simple, meaningful (for customers and operators)
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-17 Major trends related to metrics that were noted during the literature review process include the move to more detailed and data-intensive measurement techniques, given the increasing volume and accuracy of data available, and the shift to making reliability information more accessible and customer-focused. Publicly available information about transit operations and reliability can help to not only improve public perception of a transit agency, but may also help customers make more informed decisions related to their bus use, increasing their actual and perceived reliability through reduced wait times and uncertainty.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-18 4.0 Factors Affecting Bus Service Reliability A large number and wide variety of factors that might impact bus service reliability were found in the literature. Even after removing synonymous terms for the same factor, roughly 200 different factors were found.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-19 As shown in Figure 4.1, the most commonly-cited factors (by Tier III category) were related to service, passengers, and traffic impacts, followed by those related to incidents, routing, time, drivers, vehicles, weather, controls, signals, priority, scheduling, fare payment and stations.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-20 With minimal grouping, the top 35 factors from the literature review were identified, as shown in Figure 4.2. From the chart below, it is clear that traffic congestion was the most-cited factor in the literature reviewed for this study.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-21 4.2 Internal Factors Internal factors were those identified as being entirely or primarily related to the organizational framework and services provided by transit agencies.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-22 alightings, lift use, payment, luggage storage, etc.)
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-23 Figure 4.4 – Coefficient of Variation of Travel Times vs. Traffic Signals per Kilometer [160]
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-24 dwell times [107] , control systems and strategies [60,68,75,90,101,133,153,161,163]
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-25 variables in the model for headway deviation included scheduled stops, which had a negative coefficient, and actual stops, which had a positive coefficient. A significant variable in the model for coefficient of variation of running time was coefficient of variation of actual stops, which had a positive coefficient.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-26 Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. They found that exit fares can reduce dwell time per passenger when boardings and alightings are concentrated at few major stops.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-27 types, though each of these three variables had negative coefficients. The buffer time model has the largest negative coefficient for motorways, followed by arterials, and then busways.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-28 researchers did not analyze the internal dynamics of the relationship. It is stated that "headway delays are a primary cause for passenger overloads", when the converse is also true.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-29 headway deviation and boardings and lift use; and coefficient of variation of running time and the coefficient of variation of average passenger load. Based on their models, each boarding is expected to increase running time deviation by 0.4 percent, while each alighting adds 0.2 percent.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-30 Figure 4.8 – Morning and Afternoon Peak Period On-Time Performance Statistics for Example Bus Route [71] In an early work by Strathman and Hopper, peak period traffic, especially in the afternoon peak, was shown to have a negative impact on bus service reliability [134]
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-31 researchers found that peak period travel and off-peak travel both significantly decreased running time deviation in their model, but that off-peak travel decreased running time deviation more than peak travel did. They also found that midnight and early morning travel decreased the model coefficient of variation of running time.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-32 operated) in London as compared to the rest of England [117]
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-33 Figure 4.10 – Percent Lost Mileage due to Traffic vs.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-34 4.5 Factor Organization With so many factors impacting or potentially impacting bus service reliability, grouping and organizing all the factors in a coherent and comprehensive way can be quite challenging. Many researchers have taken the approach of not grouping factors at all, which works quite well for a small to moderate number of factors.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-35 heat, leaf fall, traffic signals, traffic congestion, variability in traffic demand, road construction, passenger demand variability, wheelchair lift or ramp usage, and door holding [82]
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-36 Figure 4.11 – Factor Classification Scheme from Uniman, Adapted from Abkowitz (1983)
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-37 5.0 Perception of Reliability Reliability and the perception of reliability are closely related, but not the same. While reliability can be measured rather precisely and accurately, the perception of reliability is difficult, if not impossible to quantify.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-38 alleviates the stress of wondering when the bus is coming. Although bringing the perception of wait time in line with the actual wait time will not improve the reliability of transit, it can improve the perceptions that relate to reliability by reducing rider uncertainty.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-39 arriving using traditional schedule information (which, when aggregated over 100,000 riders per week, adds up to a considerable time savings)
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-40 6.0 Bus Service Reliability Improvement Strategies More than 100 different strategies for improving bus service reliability were found in the literature. These are broken into three categories, which include operational, physical, and technological improvement strategies.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-41 [30,83,115,134] , rerouting service around congested areas [54]
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-42 All-Door Boarding All-door boarding [6,18,82] and rear-door boarding [141]
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-43 6.3 Technological Improvement Strategies Technological bus service reliability improvement strategies are those that leverage various technical innovations, such as intelligent transportation systems and automated vehicle location, to improve bus service. New and more efficient methods of fare payment, including smartcards, mobile ticketing, and off-board fare payment, are also included in this section.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-44 7.0 Impacts of Bus Service Reliability Improvement Strategies While it is easy to propose bus service reliability improvement strategies, proving their effectiveness is quite another matter, especially given the myriad of factors that could potentially influence bus service reliability. As described in the following section, many researchers have used models and simulation to estimate the impacts of various bus service reliability improvement strategies, but the results may not accurately reflect the impacts that these strategies have when they're implemented in the real world.
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From page 63... ...
Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-45 state that, in general, operators should avoid providing excess slack time in their schedules, except where a large number of passenger transfers could benefit from having enough slack time to ensure successful connections [145]
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From page 64... ...
Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-46 Figure 7.1 – Impacts of 2 Scheduled-based and 2 Headway-based Holding Strategies [153] A study by researchers at the University of California, Berkeley indicated that dynamic holding strategies based on headways alone are not sufficient to help buses adhere to a schedule.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-47 at midpoints and short-turning also seem to provide operational benefits, but more study is needed on the costs and benefits that these strategies offer to transit passengers [101]
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-48 variation [38]
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-49 Overall it was found that passive priority strategies (which improve signal timing for all corridor users) may be useful, easy, and affordable to implement for simple networks, high-frequency systems, and routes with predictable dwell times [129]
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-50 Figure 7.3 – Comparison of Bus Facility Capacity Based on Fare Collection Method [82] Smartcard use has been tested against flash passes for fare payment, but little research could be found that compared smartcard use directly to cash or magnetic strip ticket payments.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-51 7.2 Empirical Evidence and Case Studies At least one study was found to demonstrate the impact of each major bus service reliability improvement strategy identified in Section 6.0, except for fleet maintenance, which was found to be lacking in research on impacts. However, in many cases the evidence of specific impacts is based on case studies, anecdotes, or small, sometimes insignificant, data sets.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-52 Figure 7.4 – Scheduled Transfer Offset Time vs. Transfer Reliability [11]
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-53 stop service decreased the odds of being late by 66 percent [139]
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-54 Transit Signal Priority and Intelligent Transportation Systems Transit signal priority (TSP) has had at least two cases of demonstrated success in the field, both in the U.S.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-55 a case study in China, which led to significant reductions in bus delays (35 percent per bus compared to no priority) and headway deviations (62 percent reduction compared to no priority, 51 percent reduction compared to unconditional priority)
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From page 74... ...
Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-56 8.0 Conclusion A great deal of research has been compiled in this literature review, covering many topics related to bus service reliability. The overall findings from the review are summarized as follows: Bus service reliability research dates back to at least the 1950's, but data availability was a limiting factor for much of this early research.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-57 service, exclusive right-of-way, bus type, transit signal priority, and fare payment methods, as well as bicycling to and from transit, many of these studies provided mixed or inconclusive results. Further, at least one case study was found to provide empirical evidence of the impact of each major bus service reliability improvement strategy identified.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-58 Appendix A-1 - Text Citations
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-59 [1] Abkowitz, M., & Lepofsky, M
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-60 [12]
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-61 Urban Transport Applications. Journal of Power Sources, 195(12)
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-62 [32] Danaher, A
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-63 [43] K., & Kottenhoff, K
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-64 [53] Evans IV, J
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-65 Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-66 [76] Jordan, W
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-67 Retrieved from http://nacto.org/docs/usdg/brt_synthesis_of_case_studies_levinson.pdf [88]
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-68 [99] Ma, Z.-L., Ferreira, L., & Mesbah, M
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-69 [110] Okunieff, P
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-70 Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/172 [122]
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-71 [134] Strathman, J
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-72 [144] Tse, J., Flin, R., & Mearns, K
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-73 [155] Vuchic, V
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-74 [166] Zhang, F., Shen, Q., & Clifton, K
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-75 Appendix A-2 - Annotated Bibliography
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-76 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Abkowitz, Slavin, Waksman, Englisher, & Wilson, 1978 Abkowitz, M., Slavin, H., Waksman, R., Englisher, L., & Wilson, N
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-77 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Turnquist & Bowman, 1980 Turnquist, M A., & Bowman, L
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-78 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Dube, Schmitt, & Leclerc, 1991 Dube, L., Schmitt, B H., & Leclerc, F
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-79 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Lin, Liang, Schonfeld, & Larson, 1995 Lin, G.-S., Liang, P., Schonfeld, P., & Larson, R
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-80 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Furth & Muller, 2000 Furth, P., & Muller, T
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-81 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Skabardonis 2000 Skabardonis, A
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-82 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Eberlein, Bernstein, & Wilson, 2001 Eberlein, X J., Bernstein, D
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-83 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Rietveld, Bruinsma, & vanVuuren, 2001 Rietveld, P., Bruinsma, D., & vanVuuren, D
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-84 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Chang, 2002 Chang, J
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-85 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Strathman, Kimpel, Dueker, Gerhart, & Callas, 2002 Strathman, J., Kimpel, T., Dueker, K., Gerhart, R., & Callas, S
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-86 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Levinson, Zimmerma n, Clinger, & Gast, 2003 Levinson, H., Zimmerman, S., Clinger, J., & Gast, J., (2003)
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-87 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Schweiger, 2003 Schweiger, C
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-88 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Dion, Rakha, & Zhang, 2004 Dion, F., Rakha, H., & Zhang, Y
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-89 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Hammerle, Haynes, & McNeil, 2005 Hammerle, M., Haynes, M., & McNeil, S
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-90 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Smith, Hemily, & Ivanovic, 2005 Smith, H R., Hemily, B., & Ivanovic, M
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-91 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Eichler & Daganzo, 2006 Eichler, M., & Daganzo, C
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-92 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Hu & Jen, 2006 Hu, K.-C., & Jen, W
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-93 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Pangilinan, 2006 Pangilinan, C
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-94 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Hollander, 2006 Hollander, Y Direct versus indirect models for the effects of unreliability.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-95 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations ElGeneidy, Horning, & Krizek, 2007 El-Geneidy, A., Horning, J., & Krizek, K
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-96 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Liu & Sinha, 2007 Liu, R., & Sinha, S
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-97 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Fellesson & Friman, 2008 Fellesson, M., & Friman, M
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-98 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Pangilinan, Wilson, & Moore, 2008 Pangilinan, C., Wilson, N., & Moore, A
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-99 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations van Oort & van Nes, 2008 van Oort, N., & van Nes, R
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-100 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Dorobritz, Luthi, Weidmann and Nash, 2009 Dorbritz, R., M Luthi, U
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-101 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Lin & Ruan, 2009 Lin, J., & Ruan, M
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-102 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations van Oort and van Ness, 2009 van Oort, R
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-103 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Carrel, Mishalani, Wilson, Attanucci, & Rahbee, 2010 Carrel, A., Mishalani, R G., Wilson, N
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-104 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Ehrlich, 2010 Ehrlich, J
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-105 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Fijalkowski, 2010 Fijalkowski, J
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-106 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Ma, Yang, & Liu, 2010 Ma, W., Yang, X., & Liu, Y
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-107 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Uniman, Attanucci, Mishalani, & Wilson, 2010 Uniman, D L., Attanucci, J., Mishalani, R
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-108 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations ElGeneidy, Horning, & Krizek, 2011 El-Geneidy, A., * Horning, J., & Krizek, K., (2011)
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-109 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Trompet, Liu, & Graham, 2011 Trompet, M., Liu, X., & Graham, D
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-110 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Xuan, Argote, & Daganzo, 2011 Xuan, Y., Argote, J., & Daganzo, C
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-111 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Currie, Douglas, & Kearns, 2012 Currie, G., Douglas, N., & Kearns, I
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-112 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Lee, Sun, & Erath, 2012 Lee, D.-H., Sun, L., & Erath, A
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-113 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Schil, 2012 Schil, M
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-114 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Tang & Thakuriah, 2012 Tang, L., & Thakuriah, P
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-115 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Bunker, 2013 Bunker, J
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-116 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Fletcher & ElGeneidy, 2013 Fletcher, G., & El-Geneidy, A
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-117 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Ian Wallis Associates, Ltd., 2013 Ian Wallis Associates Ltd in association with The TAS Partnership.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-118 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Kittelson & Associates, Inc., Parsons Brinckerhof f, KFH Group Inc., Texas A&M Transporta tion Institute, and Arup, 2013 Kittelson & Associates, Inc., Parsons Brinckerhoff, KFH Group Inc., Texas A&M Transportation Institute, and Arup.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-119 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations SanchezMartinez, 2013 Sanchez-Martinez, G
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-120 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Yao, Hu, Lu, Gao, & Zhang, 2013 Yao, B., Hu, P., Lu, X., Gao, J., & Zhang, M
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-121 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Beduhn, 2014 Beduhn, T
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-122 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Qu, Oh, Weng, & Jin, 2014 Qu, X., Oh, E., Weng, J., & Jin, S
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-123 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations List, Williams, & Rouphail, 2014 List, G.F., Williams, B., & Rouphail, N SHRP 2 Report S2-L02-RR-1: Establishing Monitoring Programs for Travel Time Reliability.
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-124 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Chakrabarti & Giuliano, 2015 Chakrabarti, S., & Giuliano, G
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-125 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Diab, Badami, & ElGeneidy, 2015 Diab, E I., Badami, M
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-126 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Gittens & Shalaby, 2015 Gittens, A., & Shalaby, A
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-127 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Ma, Ferreira, Mesbah, & Hojati, 2015 Ma, Z.-L., Ferreira, L., Mesbah, M., & Hojati, A
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-128 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations SanchezMartinez, 2015 Sanchez-Martinez, G
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-129 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Wallis check, Weisenber ger, Berthaume, & Dinning, 2015 Wallischeck, E Y., Weisenberger, T., Berthaume, A., & Dinning, M
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Developing a Guide to Bus Transit Service Reliability Appendix A – Literature Review A-130 Citation Reference Focus of Paper Entities Involved Measures / Definitions Factors Improvement Strategies Findings and Results Study Limitations Yu, Chen, Liu, & Zhu, 2015 Yu, S., Chen, J., Liu, Z., & Zhu, L
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