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From page 407... ... 10 Industrial Decarbonization ABSTRACT Significant reductions in industrial greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 will require aggressive support and pursuit of key decarbonization pillars: improving energy and materials efficiency, implementing beneficial electrification, using low-carbon energy sources and feedstocks, employing mitigation options as needed, and increasing demand for low-carbon products. Read the entire page →
From page 408... ... will require continued support for research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) to spur innovation, improve the cost position, and drive adoption (Gaster et al. Read the entire page →
From page 409... ... $5 Industrial/Manufacturing Programs Future of industry program and industrial research and assessment centers Funding in IIJA and IRA (Billions) Advanced Industrial Facilities Deployment Program $4 Hydrogen Programs Clean Hydrogen Electrolysis Program: Demonstration $3 Projects Clean Hydrogen Manufacturing And Recycling: Clean Hydrogen Technology Recycling RD&D Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs $2 CCUS Programs Carbon Capture Demonstration Projects Program Carbon Capture Large-Scale Pilot Projects $1 Carbon Capture Technology Program Carbon Utilization Program $0 Carbon Storage Commercialization Program FY 22 FY 23 FY 24 FY 25 FY 26 FIGURE 10-1 Summary of authorized and appropriated funding for industrial programs in the IIJA and the IRA. Read the entire page →
From page 410... ... (King 2022) Read the entire page →
From page 411... ... FIGURE 10-2 Potential emissions reductions in the DOE Industrial Decarbonization Roadmap's "netzero" scenario from application of four decarbonization pillars: energy efficiency (light pink) electrification and low-carbon fuels, feedstocks, and energy sources (green) Read the entire page →
From page 412... ... plants, (2) support of energy managers at small to medium plants (a workforce development and entry opportunity) Read the entire page →
From page 413... ... Increasing the pace of industrial decarbonization will require: • Additional support for energy efficiency, materials efficiency, and electrification, as they are near-term opportunities that received a proportionally lower level of support in the above mentioned bills. • Additional support for process technology innovation (catalyzing changes in how materials are made) Read the entire page →
From page 414... ... electrification and energy and materials efficiency -- is largely absent in the industrial sections of the Inflation Reduction Act and Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. Recommendation 10-2: Invest in Energy and Materials Efficiency and Industrial Electrification. Read the entire page →
From page 415... ... pillars of industrial decarbonization: energy efficiency, electrification, low-carbon fuels and feedstocks, and mitigation options (e.g., CCUS and DAC) Read the entire page →
From page 416... ... percent of their 2011–2013 average annual levels by 2036, as well as to minimize releases from equipment and to facilitate the transition to next-generation technologies through sector-based restrictions. The end-use sectors that contribute the most to HFC and PFC emissions are refrigeration and air-conditioning (78 percent) Read the entire page →
From page 417... ... TABLE 10-3 Opportunities for GHG Emissions Reduction by Industry Subsector and Decarbonization Pillar Decarbonization Pillar Industry Energy and Materials Low-Carbon Energy Sources Demand for Low Subsector Efficiency Beneficial Electrification and Feedstocks Mitigation Options Carbon Products Chemicals • Efficiency improvements in • Clean electricity for process • Clean hydrogen for • Carbon capture • Industry accepted separations, across processes, heat and hydrogen production ammonia, methanol, and • Conversion of CO2 standards and systems, and entire facilities • Use of variable energy from ethylene syntheses and other waste gases benchmarking for • Materials recycling across off-site, and use directly on • Biomass as feedstock for into valuable products reducing product facilities and supply chains site chemical synthesis • Incorporation of CO2 carbon intensity • Improvements to catalyst • Low-carbon process heat directly into • Shared databases of conversion yields from nuclear, clean precursors and end parameters used in electricity, solar thermal, products LCAs, standards, hydrogen, and biomass benchmarking Refining • Efficiency improvements for • Clean electricity for • Low-carbon process heat • Carbon capture • Standards and distillations and separations hydrogen production from nuclear, clean • Use of captured CO2 benchmarking for • Process conversion efficiency • Clean electricity to replace electricity, solar thermal, for low-carbon fuels product carbon improvements steam generation capacity hydrogen, and biomass production intensity Iron and Steela • Waste heat recovery • Electrification of process • Replacement of coal/ • Carbon capture • Buy Clean Initiative • Blast furnace optimization heating pathways where petroleum coke with natural • Use of captured CO2 • Standards and • Predictive maintenance, viable gas, biomass, biogas, or for chemical/ benchmarking for improved process control • Direct electrolysis of iron hydrogen fuels production product carbon • Systems energy efficiency • Use of hydrogen as intensity improvements reductant in DRI-EAF Cement • Waste heat recovery • Direct and indirect • Replacement of coal/ • Capture of process- • Buy Clean Initiative • High-efficiency clinker calcination with electric petroleum coke with natural related CO2 emissions • Standards and cooling and grinding heating gas, biomass, or hydrogen • CO2 use in concrete benchmarking for • Efficiency improvements for • Use of supplementary product carbon multistage preheater/ cementitious materials and intensity precalciner kilns alternative binding materials • Use of biologic routes to cement and concrete a Note that there are different solution sets for decarbonizing BF-BOFs and EAFs given their different feedstocks used, process constraints, and product markets. SOURCES: Data from DOE (2022a) Read the entire page →
From page 418... ... Energy and Materials Efficiency Catalyzing rapid progress in the near term is vital to build momentum, develop capabilities, rally the current and future workforce to action, and drive further adoption, scale, and dispersion of low-carbon technologies. Rising energy prices and supply security concerns create strong motivation to pursue efficiency investments. Read the entire page →
From page 419... ... supply <5 percent of process heat (Rightor et al. Read the entire page →
From page 420... ... predominantly fossil fuel-derived feedstocks (EIA 2021a) Read the entire page →
From page 421... ... or fossil fuel combustion -- for example, by providing a source of high-temperature process heat or fueling furnaces for petroleum refining. The primary approach to decarbonize iron and steel production using hydrogen is direct reduction of iron in an electric arc furnace (DRI-EAF) Read the entire page →
From page 422... ... key factors to consider include the full system cost (e.g., feedstock, supply chain, refinery, conversion) , feedstock availability, life-cycle GHG emissions, and related credits or incentives (Abdullah et al. Read the entire page →
From page 423... ... al. Read the entire page →
From page 424... ... Carbon monoxide and particulate emissions are also pollutants of concern whenever the fuel contains carbon atoms, as do biofuels and e-fuels. Carbon monoxide emissions can be managed by appropriate technologies, primarily by ensuring that sufficient time is provided for all of the fuel to burn. Read the entire page →
From page 425... ... Finding 10-3: Combustion of renewable fuels can still lead to pollutant emissions, which have to be managed by appropriate technology developments and burner upgrades. As transformative low-carbon technologies are pursued, opportunities to reduce co-pollutant emissions (e.g., refrigerants, NOx, SOx, particulate matter, hazardous chemicals) Read the entire page →
From page 426... ... future, will need to be filled with carbon from reused CO2, biogenic sources, or other low-carbon pathways. There also are challenges associated with consumer awareness of what can be recycled, willingness of consumers to pay more for recycled materials, higher cost of reprocessing wastes, and waste stream purity (Collias et al. Read the entire page →
From page 427... ... pipeline networks, storage facilities, and reuse applications for CO2, where feasible, are part of the extensive infrastructure that will be needed for industry to take full advantage of these options (NASEM 2023b) Read the entire page →
From page 428... ... emissions footprint of buildings and infrastructure while also increasing market pull for low embodied carbon materials. Another effort to establish demand for low-carbon materials is the First Movers Coalition (FMC) Read the entire page →
From page 429... ... collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and other relevant agencies, to develop, harmonize, and standardize life cycle assessment approaches for determining the carbon intensity of products from industry, starting with those products responsible for the largest proportion of greenhouse gas emissions. This effort should connect with related federal procurement programs for low-carbon products (e.g., Buy Clean) Read the entire page →
From page 430... ... food and beverage, fabricated metals, and transportation equipment industries (EIA 2021b; Worrell and Boyd 2022a) Read the entire page →
From page 431... ... improving energy efficiency has historically not been a high priority and there have been fewer staff and resources devoted to this area. Small- and Medium-Size Manufacturers Of the more than 300,000 manufacturing companies in the United States, more than 90 percent have fewer than 500 employees, and most have fewer than 20 employees (U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 432... ... Electrification initiatives for industry will also need to consider the electricity/natural gas price ratio, which varies by state and region, as shown in Figure 10-7. A lower ratio decreases the economic hurdles for adopting technologies like industrial heat pumps (IHPs) Read the entire page →
From page 433... ... Challenges for Using Hydrogen to Decarbonize Industry The primary challenges for using hydrogen to decarbonize industry are the production, distribution, and storage of low-carbon hydrogen. Low-carbon hydrogen generation, either via renewable electrolysis (i.e., "green hydrogen") Read the entire page →
From page 434... ... market for green ammonia ($36 million in 2021, 0.05 percent of the overall ammonia market) and is expected to grow (Precedence Research 2022) Read the entire page →
From page 435... ... Barriers for Light Industry and Small- and Medium-Size Manufacturers Light industry and SMMs face unique, additional challenges to decarbonizing compared to heavy industry, namely a lack of sufficient resources, staffing, standardization, and coordination. McMillan (2018, p. Read the entire page →
From page 436... ... Opportunities: Challenge/ Barrier State Perspective Policy Connections • Provide grants to build connections where efficient Lack of • Work with associations and • Work across jurisdictional levels to standardization others to develop/deploy develop/convey standards standards SOURCES: Data from DOE (2022a) , McMillan (2022) Read the entire page →
From page 438... ... Plan for 2022-2026 contains a number of workforce objectives, several of which crossover with the industrial sector (DOC 2022) Read the entire page →
From page 439... ... Some hydrogen jobs can leverage skills from the existing workforce. For example, current oil and gas workers have skills in instrumentation, pipeline construction, and compression and handling of gas and liquid fuels that will be relevant for working with hydrogen (Hufnagel-Smith 2022; Queensland Government 2022) Read the entire page →
From page 440... ... POLICY ENABLERS: LANDSCAPE OF CURRENT INITIATIVES AND FUTURE NEEDS Technologies tend to proceed from early-stage development to market commercialization along an "S-curve" in which the initial share of market penetration for a new technology is low, but then rises quickly as market adoption accelerates before slowing again at the point of market saturation. An analysis by Carey and Shepard (2022) Read the entire page →
From page 441... ... FIGURE 10-8 Policy approaches for climate mitigation. SOURCE: Gallagher, K.S., and X Read the entire page →
From page 442... ... Europe 2022) Read the entire page →
From page 443... ... developed. This is an area where U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 444... ... SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS ON INDUSTRIAL DECARBONIZATION TABLE 10-5 Summary of Recommendations on Industrial Decarbonization Overarching Actor(s) Responsible Sector(s) Read the entire page →
From page 445... ... Overarching Actor(s) Responsible Sector(s) Read the entire page →
From page 446... ... Overarching Actor(s) Responsible Sector(s) Read the entire page →
From page 447... ... for the Future (RFF) Read the entire page →
From page 448... ... Collias, D.I., M.I. James, and J.M. Read the entire page →
From page 449... ... Department of Energy. https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2016/12/f34/2016_billion_ton_report_12.2.16_0.pdf DOE-EERE (U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 451... ... Fortune Business Insights. Read the entire page →
From page 453... ... LDES (Long Duration Energy Storage) Council and McKinsey & Company. Read the entire page →
From page 454... ... Miklautsch, P., and M Woschank. Read the entire page →
From page 455... ... Pettersen, Jostein, Rosetta Steeneveldt, David Grainger, Tyler Scott, Louise-Marie Holst, and Espen Steinseth Hamborg. Read the entire page →
From page 457... ... https://www.americanactionforum.org/insight/u-s-carbon-border-adjustment-proposals-and world-trade-organization-compliance/. Srinivasan, P., and N.W. Read the entire page →
From page 458... ... Worrell, E Read the entire page →

From page 407...

... 10 Industrial Decarbonization ABSTRACT Significant reductions in industrial greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 will require aggressive support and pursuit of key decarbonization pillars: improving energy and materials efficiency, implementing beneficial electrification, using low-carbon energy sources and feedstocks, employing mitigation options as needed, and increasing demand for low-carbon products.