Reducing Intergenerational Poverty (2024) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 69-86
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From page 69... ...
that "Black students lost 103 days per 100 students enrolled, which is 82 more than the 21 days their White peers lost due to out-of-school suspensions." Native American students lost 54 days per 100 students enrolled (Losen & Martinez, 2020) Correlational and quasi-experimental studies show that school discipline is negatively related to standardized test scores and high school and college graduation and is positively correlated with involvement in the criminal legal system (Bacher-Hicks et al., 2019; Chu & Ready, 2018; Mittleman, 2018; Rose et al., 2022; Rosenbaum, 2020; Wolf & Kupchik, 2017)
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From page 70... ...
Examples of racism in science and medicine that have engendered Black people's mistrust of the medical system include the eugenics movement of the 1900s, which resulted in the forced sterilization of Black women; and the use of tissue from Henrietta Lacks (a Black woman with cervical cancer) to create cell lines for scientific research without her permission.
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Native Americans experience very high uninsured rates; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that 28.6% of Native Americans under age 65 are uninsured (Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 2023)
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. Black people's relationship to the labor market can be divided into at least three distinct periods: (1)
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. As is discussed further in Chapter 4, improving education and skills for low-income Black and Native American children is likely to increase their adult wages and decrease their intergenerational poverty.
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In 2017, the median annual earnings for fulltime Black women workers was 21% lower than for White women and 39% lower than for White men, reflecting the over-representation of Black women in low-wage service and sub-minimum wage jobs (Banks, 2019)
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From page 75... ...
In sum, disparities in both employment and earnings remain between White individuals and Black individuals. Given that persistently low family incomes and employment are an important driver of intergenerational poverty, policies that increase parental incomes and employment may increase intergenerational mobility (and will be discussed in Chapter 6)
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, and thus discrimination against Black people in the housing market reverberates across generations (Oliver & Shapiro, 1997; Pfeffer & Killewald, 2018)
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FIGURE 3-1 How air pollution reflects racist policy from the 1930s. SOURCE: Zhong and Popovitch (2022)
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From page 78... ...
. The most recent national audit study using matched pairs of houseseekers found declines in discrimination against Black people compared with previous decades, but it also found continued practices of racial steering of Black testers into neighborhoods with higher poverty rates, lower school test scores, higher rates of violent crime, and greater exposure to air toxins (Christensen & Timmins, 2022; Turner et al., 2013)
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From page 79... ...
. Chapter 9 shows that reducing crime and exposure to violence are important strategies for reducing intergenerational poverty.
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. In other words, racial disparities in criminal offending and criminal justice contact emerge within the broader histories of structural racism and racial inequality in the important domains of education, health, neighborhoods, and labor markets, which is documented in this chapter.
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. In sum, racial inequality in crime, victimization, and criminal justice system involvement contributes to disproportionate rates of intergenerational poverty among Black and Native Americans.
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In sum, these disparities point to the need for policies and programs that can reduce child maltreatment and child welfare system involvement in order to address intergenerational poverty. Such interventions are discussed in Chapter 10.
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Improving outcomes for Black people and Native Americans will likely require some race consciousness in our policies and their implementation to ensure that their impacts are as positive as possible for these marginalized groups. Race consciousness requires marshalling data to understand racial disparities and the policies and practices that contribute to it.
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From page 84... ...
In the chapters that follow, we identify a set of policies and programs for reducing intergenerational poverty that are supported by direct evidence on intergenerational impacts. There are notably few interventions for which there is direct evidence of intergenerational impacts specifically on Black and Latino Americans, and none assessing impacts on Native Americans.
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Because rigorous analysis of structural racism is a fairly recent phenomenon, a great deal remains to be done. Developing more consensus on how to define, measure, and test its effects -- especially in the contemporary context -- is a necessary first step.
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From page 86... ...
Family Income, Employment, and Wealth Work-based income support: State supplements to the Earned Income Tax Credit generate generally positive effects on educational attainment and earnings of Black children. Neighborhood Crime and the Criminal Justice System Juvenile incarceration: Reducing juvenile detentions and incarcerations pro motes school completion and reduces adult crime among Black youth.
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