Drinking Water and Health, Volume 5 (1983) / Chapter Skim
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I. Introduction
I. Introduction
Pages 1-8
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Both substances were reviewed comprehensively in the first and third volumes of Dnnking Water and Health (National Research Council, 1977, 1980~. The more limited review in this report puts into perspective the potential risk to human health posed by chronic exposure.
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This was not done in the present volume because it was anticipated that another National Research Council committee would do this as part of its ongoing activities. Where there was evidence of carcinogenicity in one or more animal species, the committee calculated a numerical risk estimate using the methodology described in the first and third volumes of Drinking Water and Health (National Research Council, 1977, 1980~.
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The available data suggest, however, that such a relationship may exist at least for certain classes of carcinogenic chemicals. Data that provide sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in test animals may therefore be used in an approximate quantitative evaluation of the human risk at some given e~cposure level, provided that the nature of the chemical concerned and the physiological, pharmacological and toxicological differences between the test animals and the humans are taken into account.
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In this volume, the committee uses the process of quantitative risk assessment in estimating the probability of cancer after a lifetime daily consumption of 1 liter of water containing compounds in a concentration of 1 ~g/liter.The committee recognizes that these risk estimates are indeed estimates and should not be considered in a sense of certitude. It should be realized that the risk estimation process involves a direct extrapolation of doses in animals to humans, based on body surface area.
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The committee recognizes that this usually cannot be done, but that there is a need to develop data that will make this possible. It strongly recommends that methods be developed to enhance the utility of laboratory animals to predict toxic effects in humans through an increased understanding of their biological similarities and differences.
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Therefore, caution should be exercised in using mutagenicity test results to predict potential carcinogenicity, especially since not all mutagens are carcinogenic, nor are all carcinogens mutagenic. The National Research Council Committee on Chemical Environmental Mutagens (National Research Council, 1983)
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National Research Council.
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299 pp. National Research Council.
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