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From page 571... ... See Youth African Americans. See Black population Age, 2 and domestic violence, 18 and gender differences, 298-300, 303, 304 and marital violence, 143, 144145, 201 -202 and neighborhood density, 55 of offenders, 18- 19, 21 -22, 28 and victimization risk, 7-8, 1112' lS, 303 see also Delinquency and status offenses; Developmental psychology; Youth Aggression and alcohol, 381 -390 passim animal studies, 378-390 passim developmental studies, 325-328 gender roles and differences, 295, 325-331, 337-338 Agonistic behavior, 378, 380-381 571 Alcohol use and abuse, 2, 37, 38, 377-378, 381-390, 406-407 animal studies, 381-389 passim and assault, 32, 384 dose-effect relationships, 382-385, 390 environmental factors, 381, 382, 385, 388-389, 390 gender differences, 385-386 and homicide, 384, 386 hormonal mechanisms, 382, 385386, 390 and marital violence, 188-192, 201, 384 neurological effects, 377, 406, 407 neurological mechanisms, 381, 382, 386-387, 390 personality traits' 387-3-88 by victims, 32, 389, 390, 406 and violent crime, 384 see also Bars Amphetamines, 378, 380, 394-399, 407 Androgens and alcohol, 385 Animal models, 378-381 alcohol effects, 381-389 passim drug effects, 390-406 passim Read the entire page →
From page 572... ... See Neurological mechanisms Brain damage and alcohol, 386-387 Bystanders, 2 C Canada alcoholism studies, 384, 389 victimization studies, 16 Cannabis, 401-403 Careers in violence, 1, 28, 29, 90 community studies, 85 gender differences, 295, 316-318 marital abuse, 151-152, 212-216, 250, 253-255 Case-control methodology, 94n:29, 259 Catecholamines and receptors, 380, 386 Cats, 381, 390, 392, 395, 401 Census data, 79-80 Central nervous system. See Neurological mechanisms Chicago, Ill., 44, 48-49, 51, 62, 87 Child abuse and neglect, 26-27, 28, 130 and alcohol use, 384 gender differences, 311 and gender effects on criminal career choices, 332~333 historic movements against, 123 and marital violence, 147-148, 149-150, 192-195, 202, 215-216 protective factors, 27 and public policy, 116 Children. Read the entire page →
From page 573... ... See also Crack cocaine and domestic violence, 117, 118 Code enforcement, 87, 89 and marital violence, 129-130, Community institutions and organizations, 59, 76 Community-level risk factors, 1, 2-3, 29, 43-64, 75-83, 86, 89-90 family structure, 49, 55-57, 60, 72-73 housing and population density, 3, 49, 54-55, 71 marital violence, 173- 174, 176 opportunity structures in, 73-75, 89 and public policy, 86-89, 90 Shaw and McCay model, 44-46 47, 51, 53, 63 see also Cultural factors; Ecological factors; Mobility and community change; Poverty and low income; Race and ethnicity, community heterogeneity; Social disorganization Competitive behavior alcohol effects, 382 drug effects, 395, 398 Conflict Tactics Scales {CTSl, 131 132, 135, 137, 139, 165, 181 184, 240, 241 Contextual analysis, 83-85 Correlates of violence. See Community-level risk factors; Individual-level risk factors; Situational risk factors Courts and gender differences, 340-342 juvenile, 340-341 and marital violence, 236-239, 245-249 and sexual assault cases, 347 Crack cocaine, 378, 399, 400, 407 225-249, 255 see also Arrest Cruising, 32, 33 Cultural factors and alcohol use, 381, 382, 389, 390, 407 community-level studies, 61-63, 64, 79-80 marital violence, 120- 122, 206208, 222-223, 224-225 see also Ethnography "Cycle of violence," 26-27, 194 195, 221-222, 250-251, 258 D Data collection. Read the entire page →
From page 574... ... See Social disorganization Divorce and separation, 10, 25, 7071 Dogs, 382 Domestic violence, 1, 115- 118, 130-132, 239-244, 250-260 and alcohol use, 384, 389 Resistance from, 252-253 gender differences, 311 Historic movements against, 122-124 police policies, 125- 126 see also Child abuse and neglect; Marital violence Dopamine and receptors, 392, 398399 Drinking. See Alcohol use and abuse; Bars Drug abuse, 2, 37-38, 377-378, 406-407 animal studies, 390-406 passim and gender, 339 neurological effects, 377, 378, 406 violent crime related to obtaining drugs, 38, 377, 393, 394 Drug dealing, 32, 38, 377, 393, 399, 400, 401, 403 E Ecological factors, 41-42. Read the entire page →
From page 575... ... INDEX / 575 delinquency, 21-22, 24, 314, 340-341 in gangs, 24, 318-320, 351 gun ownership, 76 homicide offending, 19, 20, 298, 300, 309-310 offense rates, 298-301, 312-315, 329-330 see also Feminist theory and activism; Gender differences; Gender roles; Marital violence; Rape and sexual assault Feminist theory and activism responses to marital violence, 116, 117, 124-125, 126, 127128, 238 and role theory, 329-330, 334, 351 Finland, alcoholism studies, 388, 389 Fish, 382, 390, 395, 401, 404 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHI, 385 Friendships. See Peer relationships Frustration, and marital violence, 223-224 G Gamma-aminobutryic acid tGABAl and receptors, 386, 390, 407 Gangs, 24, 31, 58, 64 community-level studies, 48-49, 60, 61 females in, 24, 318-320, 351 Gender differences, 2, 293-296, 294' 295-296, 324-339 337339, 350-354 alcohol effects, 385-386 arrests, 296-301, 312-314, 320, 321 -322 careers in violence, 295, 316-318 and criminal justice system, 320-322, 340-345 developmental psychology, 211212, 325-328 homicides, 6, 8, 19, 36, 298, 300, 315-316, 351 limitations in analysis of, 295, 320-324 marital violence offending and victimization, 167- 171, 172, 257, 311, 351 marital violence reporting, 138, 142 and neighborhood density, 55 offense rates and ratios, 19-20, 21 -22, 28, 312-315, 320-324 research needs, 294, 295-296, 335-339, 350-354 severity of violence, 9, 36-37, 132, 167, 168, 257, 311, 311312, 322 victimization, 8-9, 12, 13, 295, 302-310, 315-316, 353-354 Gender identity, 295 Gender roles, 295-296, 331-335, 353 and aggression, 295, 325-331, 337-338 and criminal careers, 331-339 labeling effects, 331-333 and marital violence, 202-203, 329 Genetic factors alcohol abuse, 387, 390, 406, 407 drug abuse, 406 Gentrification, 52 Gonadotropic hormones, 385 Great Britain, victimization studies, 16, 17, 32-33, 60 Guardians, 40, 55 absence of, 13, 32, 56 Guns, 38, 74-75, 76 H Hallucinogens, 377, 378, 401-406, 407 animal studies, 380 Hamsters, 391, 402 Heroin, 391, 393, 406 Read the entire page →
From page 576... ... See Methamphetamine Imprisonment, and gender differences, 342-344 Income levels and marital violence, 143, 145, 202 and victimization risk, 10-11, 13 Individual-level risk factors, 1, 2, 3, 80, 89, 90 marital violence, 201-206, 221225, 240-241 in offending, 2, 17-29 in victimization, 2, 6-17 see also Age; Gender differences; Lifestyle-routine activity theories; Marital status; Personality traits; Race and ethnicity; Socioeconomic status Injuries, 9, 38 domestic violence, 116, 117, 131, 156-157, 176-180 Inner city abandonment of, 69, 76, 77 and delinquency, 44 and marital violence, 143, 145, 172 Institutions. See Community institutions and organizations Intergenerational violence, 26-27, 194-195, 221-222, 250-251, 258 Interracial violence, 36 Intimacy, 209 Intimates, violence between. Read the entire page →
From page 577... ... See Community-level risk factors; Metropolitan areas; Research activities and needs Males, 36, 293, 294 victimization risk, 8, 9 see also Gender differences; Gender roles; Marital violence Marijuana. See Cannabis Marital status, 2, 25, 143, 146, 153 and victimization risk, 10, 12, 13, 16, 56 Marital violence, 116, 117- 118, 130-132, 142-151, 239-244, 250-260 and alcohol abuse, 188 - 192, 201, 384 careers in, 151-152, 212-216, 250, 253-255 and child abuse, 147-148, 149 150, 192-195, 202, 215-216 criminal justice policy, 129- 130, 225-249, 255 cross-cultural studies, 120- 122 cultural factors, 206-208, 222 223, 224-225 definitions, 118- 119 Resistance from, 151 - 152, 213, 252-253 deterrence and intervention, 129, 228-233, 241, 242, 253, 259 effects on children, 26, 194-195, 201, 203, 211-212, 256 feminist responses to, 116, 117, 124-125, 126, 127-128 gender differences, 167-171, 172, 257, 311, 351 historical policies, 122- 124 homicides, 117, 158- 164, 166, 174-176, 199-201 homicides by victims, 163, l99 201, 218-221, 244-245 offender characteristics, 185-197, 202-203 power motivation in, 208-210, 223-224 and public policy, 117-118, 122 127, 128-130, 225-249, 255 and rape, 116, 164- 166 rationalization of, 216-218, 258 research needs, 258-260 risk factors, 201-206, 221-225, 240-241 social controls, 128- 129, 205, 248-249 and stranger violence, 196- 197, 204-205, 213, 214, 215-216, 251 -252 survey results, 133 - 156, 171 - 174 theories of, 249-252 treatment interventions, 236 239, 255-256 victim characteristics, 197- l 99, 203-204 victim empowerment, 128, 210 211, 256-257, 260 MDA, 394 MDMA, 394 Mediation, 40 Men. Read the entire page →
From page 578... ... See Drug abuse; Opiates National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, 115 National Crime Survey INCSI, 7 15, 47, 90n:2 data on offenders, 17- 18, 22 and gender differences, 302-310 marital violence data, 133, 152 156, 167, 180-181 and victim-offender relationship, 35 National Family Violence Surveys (NFVSI, 133, 134-135, 139-143 National Youth Survey INYSl, 24, 34, 137 Native Americans, and alcohol abuse, 389 Neighborhoods. See Communitylevel risk factors; Ecological factors; Mobility and community change Neurological mechanisms, 378, 380 of alcohol, 381, 382, 386-387, 390 of amphetamines, 398-399 drug effects, 377, 378, 406 of opiates and withdrawal, 391392 of PCP, 405-406 Neutralization of violent behavior, 216-218 Nighttime activity, 14- 15, 16- 17 o Offenders, 2, 17-29 age of, 18- 19, 21 -22, 28 alcohol abuse, 384 family structures and processes, 25-27 marital status, 25 marital violence, 185-197, 202 203 sex of, 19-20, 21-22, 28, 312-315, 320-324 as victims, 17, 31 -34 see also Careers in violence; Victim-offender dynamics Official record data, 17, 35' 46-47 marital violence, 156-71~8, 180 see also Uniform Crime Reports OLS "ordinary least squares) Read the entire page →
From page 579... ... See Housing and population density Poverty and low income, 3, 5, 88, 89 community-level studies, 44-45, 48-50, 52, 60, 63, 66, 67-70 Predatory behavior, 32, 40, 56, 380 Pregnancy, and marital violence, 148, 149, 170, 202, 203 "Principle of homogamy, " 13-14, 33, 41 Probation, and gender differences 342 Prosecution of marital violence, 129, 233236, 245-247 of sexual assault cases, 347-350 Psychomotor stimulants, 377 Public housing, 54, 87, 88-89 Public perception, of domestic violence, 115, 116-117, 258 Public policy community-level orientation, 86-89, 90 family violence, 116- 117, 128- 129 and gender differences, 293, 339350 victim support and rights, 117, 126, 127, 255 Public transportation, 16, 17 Puritan era, 122- 123 "Purse snatching," 91n:6 R Race and ethnicity, 9-10, 12, 2022, 28, 82-83, 85, 293, 352 and age, 10, 21 -22 community heterogeneity, 3, 44, 53-54, 64 crossover violence, 36 disaggregation in macrolevel research, 71-73 and gender, 6, 9, 10, 21-22, 309310, 337-338, 352 and homicide, 36, 309-310 and homicide of spouses and partners, 160- 162 and imprisonment, 344-345 and marital violence, 143, 144, 160-162, 172-173 and neighborhood density, 55 and social class, 24 see also Black population Read the entire page →
From page 580... ... See Community-level risk factors; Individual-level risk factors; Situational risk factors Robbery, 6, 11, 13, 28, 38 and age, 8, 18, 19 community-level studies, 47, 7071 gender differences, 8, 9, 19, 298, 302 race differences, 9, 20-21 and resistance by victim, 39 victim-offender relationship, 35 "Rule of thumb," 123, 261n:4 S Scandinavia, alcoholism studies, 384, 387 Segregation effects, 69-70, 88 Self-defense and resistance, 2, 3840 homicides by battered women as, 126, 244-245 see also Retaliation by victims Read the entire page →
From page 581... ... See Females; Gender differ ences; Gender roles; Males Sexual violence. See Rape and sexual assault "Shadow cultures," 63 Shaw and McCay model, 44-46, 47, 51, 53, 63 Situational risk factors, 1, 2, 3, 29, 30-42, 89, 90 in homicides of spouses and partners, 162- 164 see also Alcohol use and abuse; Drug abuse; Ecological factors; Third parties' involvement; Victim-offender dynamics; Weapons Social control, 128- 129 marital violence, 128- 129, 205, 248-249 Social controls, 76, 79 community-level studies, 45, 58 Social disorganization, 76, 79, 89 90 community-level studies, 45, 57 62, 63, 64 and public policy, 87-90 Social judgment theory, and homicides by abused women, 219-221 and marital violence, 208 Social services, 116, 129 Socioeconomic status, 2, 7, 10- 12 of offenders, 23-25, 28 see also Educational attainment; Employment status; Income levels; Poverty and low income; Unemployment South Africa, alcoholism studies, 389 Southern states, homicide rates, 64 Spousal abuse. Read the entire page →
From page 582... ... See Metropolitan areas Urban renewal, 87-88 V Validity of animal models, 379-381 of gender role and identity constructs, 295 of marital violence research, 180-181, 182-184 Victim-offender dynamics, 2, 30 overlap of demographic profiles, 4, 30-34 relationships, 34-37 and resistance by victim, 38-40 Victims and victimization, 2, 6-17 and age, 7-8, 11-12, 13' 303 alcohol use, 32, 389, 390, 406 criminal justice emphasis on, 117, 126-127 domestic violence issues, 117, 126-127 gender differences, 8-9, 12, 13, 295, 302-310, 315-316, 353-354 marital status, 10, 12, 13, 16, 56 marital violence, 197- 199, 203 204 multilevel analyses, 90 offenders as, 17, 31 -34 resistance and self-defense, 2, 38-40 retaliation by, 2, 31, 40 rights of, 117, 126, 127 self-defense homicides, 126, 244 245 Voluntary organizations community, 59 W Weapons, 2, 9, 38, 40, 73, 74-75, 76, 400 Weckamine, 394 Wife battering. See Marital violence Withdrawal effects, 380, 391-393, 394 Women. Read the entire page →

From page 571...

... See Youth African Americans. See Black population Age, 2 and domestic violence, 18 and gender differences, 298-300, 303, 304 and marital violence, 143, 144145, 201 -202 and neighborhood density, 55 of offenders, 18- 19, 21 -22, 28 and victimization risk, 7-8, 1112' lS, 303 see also Delinquency and status offenses; Developmental psychology; Youth Aggression and alcohol, 381 -390 passim animal studies, 378-390 passim developmental studies, 325-328 gender roles and differences, 295, 325-331, 337-338 Agonistic behavior, 378, 380-381 571 Alcohol use and abuse, 2, 37, 38, 377-378, 381-390, 406-407 animal studies, 381-389 passim and assault, 32, 384 dose-effect relationships, 382-385, 390 environmental factors, 381, 382, 385, 388-389, 390 gender differences, 385-386 and homicide, 384, 386 hormonal mechanisms, 382, 385386, 390 and marital violence, 188-192, 201, 384 neurological effects, 377, 406, 407 neurological mechanisms, 381, 382, 386-387, 390 personality traits' 387-3-88 by victims, 32, 389, 390, 406 and violent crime, 384 see also Bars Amphetamines, 378, 380, 394-399, 407 Androgens and alcohol, 385 Animal models, 378-381 alcohol effects, 381-389 passim drug effects, 390-406 passim

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From page 572...

... See Neurological mechanisms Brain damage and alcohol, 386-387 Bystanders, 2 C Canada alcoholism studies, 384, 389 victimization studies, 16 Cannabis, 401-403 Careers in violence, 1, 28, 29, 90 community studies, 85 gender differences, 295, 316-318 marital abuse, 151-152, 212-216, 250, 253-255 Case-control methodology, 94n:29, 259 Catecholamines and receptors, 380, 386 Cats, 381, 390, 392, 395, 401 Census data, 79-80 Central nervous system. See Neurological mechanisms Chicago, Ill., 44, 48-49, 51, 62, 87 Child abuse and neglect, 26-27, 28, 130 and alcohol use, 384 gender differences, 311 and gender effects on criminal career choices, 332~333 historic movements against, 123 and marital violence, 147-148, 149-150, 192-195, 202, 215-216 protective factors, 27 and public policy, 116 Children.

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From page 573...

... See also Crack cocaine and domestic violence, 117, 118 Code enforcement, 87, 89 and marital violence, 129-130, Community institutions and organizations, 59, 76 Community-level risk factors, 1, 2-3, 29, 43-64, 75-83, 86, 89-90 family structure, 49, 55-57, 60, 72-73 housing and population density, 3, 49, 54-55, 71 marital violence, 173- 174, 176 opportunity structures in, 73-75, 89 and public policy, 86-89, 90 Shaw and McCay model, 44-46 47, 51, 53, 63 see also Cultural factors; Ecological factors; Mobility and community change; Poverty and low income; Race and ethnicity, community heterogeneity; Social disorganization Competitive behavior alcohol effects, 382 drug effects, 395, 398 Conflict Tactics Scales {CTSl, 131 132, 135, 137, 139, 165, 181 184, 240, 241 Contextual analysis, 83-85 Correlates of violence. See Community-level risk factors; Individual-level risk factors; Situational risk factors Courts and gender differences, 340-342 juvenile, 340-341 and marital violence, 236-239, 245-249 and sexual assault cases, 347 Crack cocaine, 378, 399, 400, 407 225-249, 255 see also Arrest Cruising, 32, 33 Cultural factors and alcohol use, 381, 382, 389, 390, 407 community-level studies, 61-63, 64, 79-80 marital violence, 120- 122, 206208, 222-223, 224-225 see also Ethnography "Cycle of violence," 26-27, 194 195, 221-222, 250-251, 258 D Data collection.

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From page 574...

... See Social disorganization Divorce and separation, 10, 25, 7071 Dogs, 382 Domestic violence, 1, 115- 118, 130-132, 239-244, 250-260 and alcohol use, 384, 389 Resistance from, 252-253 gender differences, 311 Historic movements against, 122-124 police policies, 125- 126 see also Child abuse and neglect; Marital violence Dopamine and receptors, 392, 398399 Drinking. See Alcohol use and abuse; Bars Drug abuse, 2, 37-38, 377-378, 406-407 animal studies, 390-406 passim and gender, 339 neurological effects, 377, 378, 406 violent crime related to obtaining drugs, 38, 377, 393, 394 Drug dealing, 32, 38, 377, 393, 399, 400, 401, 403 E Ecological factors, 41-42.

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From page 575...

... INDEX / 575 delinquency, 21-22, 24, 314, 340-341 in gangs, 24, 318-320, 351 gun ownership, 76 homicide offending, 19, 20, 298, 300, 309-310 offense rates, 298-301, 312-315, 329-330 see also Feminist theory and activism; Gender differences; Gender roles; Marital violence; Rape and sexual assault Feminist theory and activism responses to marital violence, 116, 117, 124-125, 126, 127128, 238 and role theory, 329-330, 334, 351 Finland, alcoholism studies, 388, 389 Fish, 382, 390, 395, 401, 404 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHI, 385 Friendships. See Peer relationships Frustration, and marital violence, 223-224 G Gamma-aminobutryic acid tGABAl and receptors, 386, 390, 407 Gangs, 24, 31, 58, 64 community-level studies, 48-49, 60, 61 females in, 24, 318-320, 351 Gender differences, 2, 293-296, 294' 295-296, 324-339 337339, 350-354 alcohol effects, 385-386 arrests, 296-301, 312-314, 320, 321 -322 careers in violence, 295, 316-318 and criminal justice system, 320-322, 340-345 developmental psychology, 211212, 325-328 homicides, 6, 8, 19, 36, 298, 300, 315-316, 351 limitations in analysis of, 295, 320-324 marital violence offending and victimization, 167- 171, 172, 257, 311, 351 marital violence reporting, 138, 142 and neighborhood density, 55 offense rates and ratios, 19-20, 21 -22, 28, 312-315, 320-324 research needs, 294, 295-296, 335-339, 350-354 severity of violence, 9, 36-37, 132, 167, 168, 257, 311, 311312, 322 victimization, 8-9, 12, 13, 295, 302-310, 315-316, 353-354 Gender identity, 295 Gender roles, 295-296, 331-335, 353 and aggression, 295, 325-331, 337-338 and criminal careers, 331-339 labeling effects, 331-333 and marital violence, 202-203, 329 Genetic factors alcohol abuse, 387, 390, 406, 407 drug abuse, 406 Gentrification, 52 Gonadotropic hormones, 385 Great Britain, victimization studies, 16, 17, 32-33, 60 Guardians, 40, 55 absence of, 13, 32, 56 Guns, 38, 74-75, 76 H Hallucinogens, 377, 378, 401-406, 407 animal studies, 380 Hamsters, 391, 402 Heroin, 391, 393, 406

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From page 576...

... See Methamphetamine Imprisonment, and gender differences, 342-344 Income levels and marital violence, 143, 145, 202 and victimization risk, 10-11, 13 Individual-level risk factors, 1, 2, 3, 80, 89, 90 marital violence, 201-206, 221225, 240-241 in offending, 2, 17-29 in victimization, 2, 6-17 see also Age; Gender differences; Lifestyle-routine activity theories; Marital status; Personality traits; Race and ethnicity; Socioeconomic status Injuries, 9, 38 domestic violence, 116, 117, 131, 156-157, 176-180 Inner city abandonment of, 69, 76, 77 and delinquency, 44 and marital violence, 143, 145, 172 Institutions. See Community institutions and organizations Intergenerational violence, 26-27, 194-195, 221-222, 250-251, 258 Interracial violence, 36 Intimacy, 209 Intimates, violence between.

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From page 577...

... See Community-level risk factors; Metropolitan areas; Research activities and needs Males, 36, 293, 294 victimization risk, 8, 9 see also Gender differences; Gender roles; Marital violence Marijuana. See Cannabis Marital status, 2, 25, 143, 146, 153 and victimization risk, 10, 12, 13, 16, 56 Marital violence, 116, 117- 118, 130-132, 142-151, 239-244, 250-260 and alcohol abuse, 188 - 192, 201, 384 careers in, 151-152, 212-216, 250, 253-255 and child abuse, 147-148, 149 150, 192-195, 202, 215-216 criminal justice policy, 129- 130, 225-249, 255 cross-cultural studies, 120- 122 cultural factors, 206-208, 222 223, 224-225 definitions, 118- 119 Resistance from, 151 - 152, 213, 252-253 deterrence and intervention, 129, 228-233, 241, 242, 253, 259 effects on children, 26, 194-195, 201, 203, 211-212, 256 feminist responses to, 116, 117, 124-125, 126, 127-128 gender differences, 167-171, 172, 257, 311, 351 historical policies, 122- 124 homicides, 117, 158- 164, 166, 174-176, 199-201 homicides by victims, 163, l99 201, 218-221, 244-245 offender characteristics, 185-197, 202-203 power motivation in, 208-210, 223-224 and public policy, 117-118, 122 127, 128-130, 225-249, 255 and rape, 116, 164- 166 rationalization of, 216-218, 258 research needs, 258-260 risk factors, 201-206, 221-225, 240-241 social controls, 128- 129, 205, 248-249 and stranger violence, 196- 197, 204-205, 213, 214, 215-216, 251 -252 survey results, 133 - 156, 171 - 174 theories of, 249-252 treatment interventions, 236 239, 255-256 victim characteristics, 197- l 99, 203-204 victim empowerment, 128, 210 211, 256-257, 260 MDA, 394 MDMA, 394 Mediation, 40 Men.

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From page 578...

... See Drug abuse; Opiates National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, 115 National Crime Survey INCSI, 7 15, 47, 90n:2 data on offenders, 17- 18, 22 and gender differences, 302-310 marital violence data, 133, 152 156, 167, 180-181 and victim-offender relationship, 35 National Family Violence Surveys (NFVSI, 133, 134-135, 139-143 National Youth Survey INYSl, 24, 34, 137 Native Americans, and alcohol abuse, 389 Neighborhoods. See Communitylevel risk factors; Ecological factors; Mobility and community change Neurological mechanisms, 378, 380 of alcohol, 381, 382, 386-387, 390 of amphetamines, 398-399 drug effects, 377, 378, 406 of opiates and withdrawal, 391392 of PCP, 405-406 Neutralization of violent behavior, 216-218 Nighttime activity, 14- 15, 16- 17 o Offenders, 2, 17-29 age of, 18- 19, 21 -22, 28 alcohol abuse, 384 family structures and processes, 25-27 marital status, 25 marital violence, 185-197, 202 203 sex of, 19-20, 21-22, 28, 312-315, 320-324 as victims, 17, 31 -34 see also Careers in violence; Victim-offender dynamics Official record data, 17, 35' 46-47 marital violence, 156-71~8, 180 see also Uniform Crime Reports OLS "ordinary least squares)

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From page 579...

... See Housing and population density Poverty and low income, 3, 5, 88, 89 community-level studies, 44-45, 48-50, 52, 60, 63, 66, 67-70 Predatory behavior, 32, 40, 56, 380 Pregnancy, and marital violence, 148, 149, 170, 202, 203 "Principle of homogamy, " 13-14, 33, 41 Probation, and gender differences 342 Prosecution of marital violence, 129, 233236, 245-247 of sexual assault cases, 347-350 Psychomotor stimulants, 377 Public housing, 54, 87, 88-89 Public perception, of domestic violence, 115, 116-117, 258 Public policy community-level orientation, 86-89, 90 family violence, 116- 117, 128- 129 and gender differences, 293, 339350 victim support and rights, 117, 126, 127, 255 Public transportation, 16, 17 Puritan era, 122- 123 "Purse snatching," 91n:6 R Race and ethnicity, 9-10, 12, 2022, 28, 82-83, 85, 293, 352 and age, 10, 21 -22 community heterogeneity, 3, 44, 53-54, 64 crossover violence, 36 disaggregation in macrolevel research, 71-73 and gender, 6, 9, 10, 21-22, 309310, 337-338, 352 and homicide, 36, 309-310 and homicide of spouses and partners, 160- 162 and imprisonment, 344-345 and marital violence, 143, 144, 160-162, 172-173 and neighborhood density, 55 and social class, 24 see also Black population

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From page 580...

... See Community-level risk factors; Individual-level risk factors; Situational risk factors Robbery, 6, 11, 13, 28, 38 and age, 8, 18, 19 community-level studies, 47, 7071 gender differences, 8, 9, 19, 298, 302 race differences, 9, 20-21 and resistance by victim, 39 victim-offender relationship, 35 "Rule of thumb," 123, 261n:4 S Scandinavia, alcoholism studies, 384, 387 Segregation effects, 69-70, 88 Self-defense and resistance, 2, 3840 homicides by battered women as, 126, 244-245 see also Retaliation by victims

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From page 581...

... See Females; Gender differ ences; Gender roles; Males Sexual violence. See Rape and sexual assault "Shadow cultures," 63 Shaw and McCay model, 44-46, 47, 51, 53, 63 Situational risk factors, 1, 2, 3, 29, 30-42, 89, 90 in homicides of spouses and partners, 162- 164 see also Alcohol use and abuse; Drug abuse; Ecological factors; Third parties' involvement; Victim-offender dynamics; Weapons Social control, 128- 129 marital violence, 128- 129, 205, 248-249 Social controls, 76, 79 community-level studies, 45, 58 Social disorganization, 76, 79, 89 90 community-level studies, 45, 57 62, 63, 64 and public policy, 87-90 Social judgment theory, and homicides by abused women, 219-221 and marital violence, 208 Social services, 116, 129 Socioeconomic status, 2, 7, 10- 12 of offenders, 23-25, 28 see also Educational attainment; Employment status; Income levels; Poverty and low income; Unemployment South Africa, alcoholism studies, 389 Southern states, homicide rates, 64 Spousal abuse.

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From page 582...

... See Metropolitan areas Urban renewal, 87-88 V Validity of animal models, 379-381 of gender role and identity constructs, 295 of marital violence research, 180-181, 182-184 Victim-offender dynamics, 2, 30 overlap of demographic profiles, 4, 30-34 relationships, 34-37 and resistance by victim, 38-40 Victims and victimization, 2, 6-17 and age, 7-8, 11-12, 13' 303 alcohol use, 32, 389, 390, 406 criminal justice emphasis on, 117, 126-127 domestic violence issues, 117, 126-127 gender differences, 8-9, 12, 13, 295, 302-310, 315-316, 353-354 marital status, 10, 12, 13, 16, 56 marital violence, 197- 199, 203 204 multilevel analyses, 90 offenders as, 17, 31 -34 resistance and self-defense, 2, 38-40 retaliation by, 2, 31, 40 rights of, 117, 126, 127 self-defense homicides, 126, 244 245 Voluntary organizations community, 59 W Weapons, 2, 9, 38, 40, 73, 74-75, 76, 400 Weckamine, 394 Wife battering. See Marital violence Withdrawal effects, 380, 391-393, 394 Women.

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Index Pages 571-582

Index
Pages 571-582