Realizing the Information Future The Internet and Beyond (1994) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
4 Principles and Practice
4 Principles and Practice
Pages 148-171
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From page 148... ...
For example, the presence of privacy, security, and intellectual oronertv Protection across various lists of Principles shows that these but also are seen as broad r -- r -- -~ rig issues not only reflect shared mores and norms enablers of information infrastructure. At the same time, there also are 148
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From page 149... ...
Although the discussion below highlights research, education, and library perspectives, resolving key issues will require finding common ground between those perspectives and others relating to industry and/ or the general public. The discussions launched by the administration's Information Industry Task Force (IITF)
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From page 150... ...
At the next level, access to information raises questions about the mix and range of information services available over the network. Today's research and education communities rely on networks primarily for messaging (electronic mail)
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From page 151... ...
In the 1988 report Toward a National Research Network, the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (CSTB) made it clear that there is a basic need for communication that is shared by all and should be available at a price that all can affords To encourage the development and use of a widely accessible network service, the committee suggests that the NRN [National Research Network]
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From page 152... ...
On the other hand, industry efforts to contribute to educational access, in particular, show both awareness In industry of the political appeal of enhancing education and the fact that there are unpredictabl alternatives to public financing alone. Although the popular debate over the NII has acknowledged a risk of polarization into information "haves" and "have note," a more varied spectrum involving "have mores" and "have fesses" may be more realistic.
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From page 153... ...
For decades, publishers and commercial information services providers also have been exploring ways to create, produce, and deliver information over networks; their activities have included the development of abstracting services, provision of rapid access to news relevant to businesses, and value-added delivery of legal and financial information aimed at paying clienteles from industry as well as academic markets.~3 More recently, they have perceived a widening popular market.~4 Additional commercial markets relating to network-based delivery of information resources to the educational community are also being explored.~5
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From page 154... ...
Government Information The treatment of government-generated information offered through commercial services illustrates various tensions there has been an ongoing debate in the library, publishing, and consumer advocacy communities about how and by whom information collected or produced by the government should be made available. Some of this debate occurs in conjunction with a broader movement to realize electronic libraries.~7 The research and education communities may have special claims to easy, affordable access to government information, a large amount of which consists of data of interest to and/or generated by various kinds of researchers and some of which, in turn, has proven, through activities associated with the National Research and Education Network (NREN)
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PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE ....................................................................................................... · ~ 4 ..~ C—~~nment In~n ......
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From page 156... ...
In particular, Internet dissemination may help to explore opportunities for reconceptualizing the kind as well as the form and delivery of information of broad public interest, allowing the government, commercial providers, and the public to move beyond the form and content of "government information" based on traditional printed packages.23 PRIVACY Contrasts in outlook between research, education, and libraries and industry have a different flavor in the area of privacy (Box 4.2~. On the one hand, there is broad agreement about the need for confidentiality for sensitive information (independent of infrastructure use, per se)
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From page 157... ...
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE 157 information collection has been an issue in the deregulation of telephony, where the debates have revolved around "customer proprietary network information" and "automatic number identification" information; these debates have begun to be carried forward into considerations of the larger NII policy.26 Electronic networking makes possible more frequent and more extensive collection of user behavior data as an automatic by-product of use, and it facilitates the amassing of data from multiple sources accessible over networks. As a result, privacy implications of such data gathering and analysis are attracting broader attention.27 The treatment of information about infrastructure use- in particular, who owns and accesses
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From page 158... ...
~ The research community is not universally aware of or concerned about privacy, but it has included individual who have been parUcularly vocal in raising such concerns/ in part because they experience gig networking has underscored Be risks>° The bbrary community has a hadibon of protecting the conAdentiabty of borrowing records and has worked successfully to provide legal protection for the borrowing comm~i~. For example many gates have lams proh~idng the release of information about what an individual is reading, ~atch~g/ or bstening to (this restriction could apply to video rentals and other Formation access actividesf (Within the education community/ the greatest concern about privacy may relate to the conOdentiab~ of student records/ which generally is protected under lamb WNh~ the medical community/ the need to protect the privacy of patient records is athachng growing recognihon.31 Given this experience base/ efforts to assess and decide on pry vacy policy (such as those undertaken under the UTF begin should explicidy Evolve participation Tom the research/ education/ and library .
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From page 159... ...
However, open interfaces and nondiscriminatory access to media can produce outcomes that trouble some for various reasons (such as 900number pornography services in the case of telephony) ; some of these are subject to legal protections, and others are expected to be addressed by current information policy efforts.
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From page 160... ...
A balance must be found between the rights of the operators and those of the users.37 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION There is a broad public consensus that there should continue to be protection of copyrighted materials, and that the protection of copyrights of materials distributed in the networked environment should reflect the rights of both creators and users.38 There is also broad appreciation that a robust market for networked information and resources is fundamental to the success of the evolving NII. Much less certain is how intellectual property protection can or should evolve to fit the networked environment.
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From page 161... ...
The area of intellectual property rights represents one of the greatest areas of difference among the research and education and commercial communities. To begin with, it is worth noting that there is broad agreement on one aspect of intellectual property protection: the importance of protecting data integrity.
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From page 162... ...
Commercial authors and publishers are concerned that their works will be accessed, easily downloaded, and redistributed without appropriate authorization and remuneration.43 The scale of a network such as the Internet makes this prospect a substantial deterrent to making information available. Publishers and commercial information service providers believe that if this issue is not adequately addressed, not only will many information providers be unwilling to trust their assets to these networks, but they will also, in fact, have a strong incentive to keep their property from ever being included.
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From page 163... ...
Publishers are experimenting with new ways to distribute information and manage copyright over electronic networks; they are experimenting with developing copyright management mechanisms using digital technology and aimed at detecting, monitoring, and inhibiting improper use.47 Some of those experiments revolve around the academic community. For example, the Elsevier TULIP project, involving several U.S.
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For example, there is a tendency toward more casual publishing growing out of liberal electronic mail, public file repository, Gopher server, and Mosaic/World-Wide Web experiences. (See Box 2.2 in Chapter 2.)
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From page 165... ...
And there will certainly be a need to increase public awareness of many complex issues. Building from the IITF information policy efforts and depending on their results, consideration should be given to a program to fund research and public education in this area to provide the guidance that will be needed.
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From page 166... ...
4. Although the analogy is frequently made today to universal telephone service, it should also be recognized that that entitlement, to the extent it is one, does not extend to universal access to 900-number or other special services, nor are newspaper publishers obligated to distribute free or discounted copies to the indigent who can and do read the paper in public libraries.
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From page 167... ...
13. A fundamental issue in relation to acquiring, storing, and sharing information resources in the electronic environment is ownership who owns the information has had an enormous impact on the prices charged to the customer.
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From page 168... ...
on federal information resources management. The Information Industries Association has published a pamphlet entitled "Serving Citizens in the Information Age: Access Principles for State and Local Government Information," which provides guidelines in support of "three fundamental tenets": a broad public right of access, a right of nondiscriminatory access, and a prohibition on government control of information access and use.
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From page 169... ...
29-36 in WIPO Worldwide Symposium on the Impact of Digital Technology on Copyright and Neighboring Rights. WIPO, Geneva.
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From page 170... ...
187-212 in WIPO Worldwide Symposium on the Impact of Digital Technology on Copyright and Neighboring Rights. WIPO, Geneva.
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From page 171... ...
21-24 in WIPO Worldwide Symposium on the Impact of Digital Technology on Copyright and Neighboring Rights. WIPO, Geneva.
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