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From page 245... ... Index A Abiotic stress, 136 Acacia, 176 Acritarchs, 26 Adaptation human genus, 234-241 land mammals, 185-205 Adaptive radiation, 10-15, 42 Aerobic metabolism, 26 Aerobic organisms, 21-31 Africa, 123, 130, 189 human genus origin, 234-241 Alaska, 121, 157-158 North Slope, 159 Albedo, 9 Algae, 26 Allocasuarina, 181 Allopatry, 226 Amebomastigotes, 28 American West, 127 Ammonites, 50, 60 Amphicyonids, 192 Anaerobic organisms, 21-31 Angiosperms, 8, 150, 151, 157-158, 166, 167 Anoxia, 39-42 Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 5-6, 168, 178, 201 245 Antarctica, 5-6, 8-9, 97, 103, 111, 164168, 175, 185, 201 Antelopes, 124, 240 Antilocapridae, 192 Araucarians, 164 Arboreal habitat, 234-241 Arboreal mammals, 189 Arctic, 121 Arid regions, 176-177 Aridity, 123, 191, 194 Arkansas River, 58 Armadillos, 195 Artiodactyls, 96, 190, 191, 200 Ash, 139 Asia, 130, 192 Atlantic Coastal Plain, 129 Australia, 5, 13, 24, 164 flora and climatic changes, 174-182 Australian Plate, 174 Australopithecus, 12, 234-241 Avatars, 135 Axial Basin, 58 B Baboons, 239 Bahamas, 121, 123 Baltoscania, 36-39 Banded iron formations, 22 Bears, 192, 195 Beavers, 192 Bennettitaleans, 164 Benthic foraminifera, 94-105, 121, 200, 211 Bering land bridge, 188 Bering Strait, 121 Beringia, 188 Biomass, 95, 141 Biomes land mammal biomes, 189-195 Biostratigraphy, 74, 96, 119, 185, 198 Biotas, see Ecosystems; Fauna; Flora Biozones, 49, 50-53, 59-60 Birch, 224 Bivalves, 10, 50, 120 Black Sea, 212 Bogota, Colombia, 123 Bolide impacts, 8-9, 57, 63-64, 95, 101 Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction, 73-91, 97 Boulder, Colorado, 57 Bovids, 200 Brachiopods, 13, 15, 35, 42-43 Brain anatomy, 241 Brain size and development human genus origin, 234-241 Brazos, Texas, 83-84 Read the entire page →
From page 246... ... , 84, 95, 167 Deep water, 39-42, 102, 111, 130 see also North Atlantic deep water Deep-sea cores, 119 Deer, 194, 199 Delayed recovery, 13-15 Demes, 229 Dermopterans, 190 Desert, 119 Detrivores, 139 Diagenesis, 23, 56 Diamictites, 35 Dinocerata, 190 Discoasters, 97 Disseminules, 140 Dob's Linn, Scotland, 39 Domed swamps, 136 Drake Passage, 201 Dust, 120, 127, 128 Dysaerobism, 102 Ecomorphs, 139, 140, 146, 189 Ecosystems, 10-15, 80 coal swamp ecosystems, 134-152 high-resolution stratigraphy, research needs, 16 land mammals (Cenozoic) , 185-205 planktonic foraminifera, 211-212 plant communities (Quaternary) Read the entire page →
From page 247... ... , 156-169 High-resolution stratigraphy, 2, 4, 49, 58, 74,95,97, 185,212 research needs, 16 Himalayan Plateau, 199 Hipparion, 199 Hippopotamus, 193 Hirnantia, 7, 15, 37-44 Hominoids, 200 Homo, 12, 48, 234-241 Horses, 191, 192, 195, 198-199, 203 Humans, 234-241 Humboldt Current, 36 Humerofemoral index, 236 Hyaenids, 194 Hyaenodontidae, 190 Hydrogenosomes, 27 Hydrothermal activity, 103 Hyenas, 239 Hypselodonty, 189 Hypsodonty, 189, 191 I Ice ages, 109-110, 240-241 Neogene, biotic effects, 118-130 see also Glaciation and deglaciation Icehouse world, 5, 156, 186, 200 Iceland, 121 India, 199-200 Indian Ocean, 211 Individualism, 135 Insectivores, 190, 191 Insolation, 129 Interdisciplinary research, 2-3 research needs, 15-16 Intermediate dwellers, 87-90 Iridium, 54, 56, 62, 80, 83 Iron, 24, 29, 39-42 Isospores, 151 Isotopes, 29-30 Isthmus of Panama, 120, 126, 127 J lames Ross Island, 164 Jaramillo magnetic reversal, 123 Karsts, 35 Kinetoplastids, 27 King George Island, 167 L Lagarostrobus, 164, 165, 166 Lagomorphs, 191 Land bridges, 188, 199-200 Landscape, 139, 141-147 Lauraceae, 181 Leaf physiognomy, 5, 157, 164 roseaceous, 165 Read the entire page →
From page 248... ... , 185-205 research needs, 16 INDEX Milankovitch climate cycles, 4-5, 50, 58, 60 Mineral charcoal, 139 Miospores, 137 Mississippi River, 214 Mitochondria, 26, 27 Mitrospermum, 141 Mixing, 226 Models, 4 climatic changes, 109, 110, 222 `'conveyor belt" ocean circulation, 211 envi ronmental/bi o logic al co eve luti on , 31 mass extinctions, 64 research needs, 16 Mollusks, 12, 62, 120, 126 Monkeys, 124, 200 Monsoons, 36-39, 119, 127 Morozovellids, 97 Moschidae, 192 Mosses, 168 Mountain glaciers, 119 Multituberculata, 190 Musk oxen, 195 Mustelids, 193 N Nannoplankton, 51 Natural selection, see Evolution Nebraska, 193 Nekton, 39 Neoecology, 151 Neoglobequadrina dutertrei, 215 Neritic environment, see Continental shelf Netherlands, 123 Neutron activation, 39 Nevada, 193 New Zealand, 165 Nitrates, 26 NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, 112 North America, 119, 178, 222-223 Cenozoic mammal faunas, 185-205 North Atlantic deep water (NADW) , 6-7, 102, 127, 130, 211, 214 North Atlantic Neogene ice age, biotic effects, 118130 North Pacific, 212 North Sea, 120, 127 Northern Hemi sphere, 119- 130, 156- 169 Northern Plains, 127, 128 Nothofagus, 165, 166-168, 179-180 Nuttallides truempi, 97 o Ocean circulation, 5-7, 12, 36-39, 102 Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Read the entire page →
From page 249... ... , 186-188, 197, 198-200 Rare earth elements, 24 Red Sea, 211 Research needs, 15-16 Resource depletion, 64 Reversed magnetic interval, 96, 190 Rhinocerotids, 191, 193 Rhizovores, 191 RNA, 27 Rock accumulation rates, 49 Rock Canyon Anticline, 58 Rocky Mountains, 191 Rodents, 13-15, 190, 191 Ross Sea, 167 Rotalipora foraminifer, 57 Rudists, 15, 54, 114 Ruminants, 198, 200 S 5. beccariformis, 96 Sabertooth cats, 239 Sagebrush, 178 Sahara, 120 Salinity, 100, 112, 214-217 Salix, 166 San Salvador, 123 Savanna, 190-194, 201, 233 Scales, 227-229 Scandinavia, 119 Scansorial mammals, 189 Sclerophyll plants, 13, 178, 182 Sea otters, 121 Sea-floor spreading, 129 Sea-level changes, 11, 54, 56, 201, 204, 212 Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction, 88-91 Ordovician glaciation and marine fauna, 35-44 Sediment traps, 212 Sedimentation rates, 4, 40, 75, 102 Seed ferns, 143 Seed plants, 136 Seismic stratigraphy, 200-201 Semiarid regions, 176-177 Sessile plants, 221 Seymour Island, 164, 185 Shales, 137 Shatsky Rise, 109 Shocked quartz grains, 62 Shrub eaters, 192 Siberia, 157 Sigillarians, 151 Signor-Lipps effect, 9, 52-53 Silicate rocks, 129 Siwalik Hills, 199-200 Slime molds, 28 Snakes, 15 Songbirds, 13-15 South Atlantic, 211 South Shetland Islands, 165 Southern Hemisphere, 156-169 Space-time box, 229 Spatial and temporal scales, 227-229 Speciation, 124, 152, 178, 188 Species turnover, 12- 13, 146- 147, 149, 151, 186, 198-200 Sphenopsids, 141, 142, 151 Spinels, 80 Spruce, 224 St. Read the entire page →
From page 250... ... 250 \ INDEX Tectonic activity, 62, 119, 123, 127, 148, 168, 175, 194, 226 Teeth, 101, 189 Tegelen faunas, 124 Teleoceras, 193 Temperature, 157, 178 Terminations, 122 Terrestrial habitat, 234-241 Tethyan Ocean, 80, 114 Tethys Seaway, 103 Thermocline, 39, 89, 101, 212 Thermohaline circulation, 6-7, 111 Thresholds, 9-10 Thulean land bridge, 188, 201 Tibetan Plateau, 127 Tillodontia, 190 Time scale, 2 Titanotheres, 13 Tools, 240 Toxic waters, 39 Trace elements, 56, 62 Tree ferns, 141, 142, 145, 150 Tree rings, 159 Trees, 140, 141 Trichomonads, 26 Trilobites, 15, 43 Trochospiral forms, 100 Tropics, 36-39, 104, 211 climatic stability, 108-115 Tundra, 166, 188 Turnover-pulse hypothesis, 188 U Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, 26 Ungulates, 189, 191, 193, 204 Uraninite, 23 V Vapor pressure, 104, 110 Vegetation, see Flora Vertical advection, 39-42 Virginia, 120 Volcanic activity, 103, 129 W Warm saline deep water, 102, 104, 111 Water column, 87-90 Western Interior Seaway, 58 Wetland habitats coal swamp ecosystems, 134-152 White River chronofauna, 190-194 Winds, 127 Woody shrubs, 192 Wyoming, 194 X Xeromorphy, 141, 147 ye Yorktown Formation, 120-121 Younger Dryas cooling, 7, 210-218 Yucatan Channel, 121 Read the entire page →

From page 245...

... Index A Abiotic stress, 136 Acacia, 176 Acritarchs, 26 Adaptation human genus, 234-241 land mammals, 185-205 Adaptive radiation, 10-15, 42 Aerobic metabolism, 26 Aerobic organisms, 21-31 Africa, 123, 130, 189 human genus origin, 234-241 Alaska, 121, 157-158 North Slope, 159 Albedo, 9 Algae, 26 Allocasuarina, 181 Allopatry, 226 Amebomastigotes, 28 American West, 127 Ammonites, 50, 60 Amphicyonids, 192 Anaerobic organisms, 21-31 Angiosperms, 8, 150, 151, 157-158, 166, 167 Anoxia, 39-42 Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 5-6, 168, 178, 201 245 Antarctica, 5-6, 8-9, 97, 103, 111, 164168, 175, 185, 201 Antelopes, 124, 240 Antilocapridae, 192 Araucarians, 164 Arboreal habitat, 234-241 Arboreal mammals, 189 Arctic, 121 Arid regions, 176-177 Aridity, 123, 191, 194 Arkansas River, 58 Armadillos, 195 Artiodactyls, 96, 190, 191, 200 Ash, 139 Asia, 130, 192 Atlantic Coastal Plain, 129 Australia, 5, 13, 24, 164 flora and climatic changes, 174-182 Australian Plate, 174 Australopithecus, 12, 234-241 Avatars, 135 Axial Basin, 58 B Baboons, 239 Bahamas, 121, 123 Baltoscania, 36-39 Banded iron formations, 22 Bears, 192, 195 Beavers, 192 Bennettitaleans, 164 Benthic foraminifera, 94-105, 121, 200, 211 Bering land bridge, 188 Bering Strait, 121 Beringia, 188 Biomass, 95, 141 Biomes land mammal biomes, 189-195 Biostratigraphy, 74, 96, 119, 185, 198 Biotas, see Ecosystems; Fauna; Flora Biozones, 49, 50-53, 59-60 Birch, 224 Bivalves, 10, 50, 120 Black Sea, 212 Bogota, Colombia, 123 Bolide impacts, 8-9, 57, 63-64, 95, 101 Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction, 73-91, 97 Boulder, Colorado, 57 Bovids, 200 Brachiopods, 13, 15, 35, 42-43 Brain anatomy, 241 Brain size and development human genus origin, 234-241 Brazos, Texas, 83-84

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From page 246...

... , 84, 95, 167 Deep water, 39-42, 102, 111, 130 see also North Atlantic deep water Deep-sea cores, 119 Deer, 194, 199 Delayed recovery, 13-15 Demes, 229 Dermopterans, 190 Desert, 119 Detrivores, 139 Diagenesis, 23, 56 Diamictites, 35 Dinocerata, 190 Discoasters, 97 Disseminules, 140 Dob's Linn, Scotland, 39 Domed swamps, 136 Drake Passage, 201 Dust, 120, 127, 128 Dysaerobism, 102 Ecomorphs, 139, 140, 146, 189 Ecosystems, 10-15, 80 coal swamp ecosystems, 134-152 high-resolution stratigraphy, research needs, 16 land mammals (Cenozoic) , 185-205 planktonic foraminifera, 211-212 plant communities (Quaternary)

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From page 247...

... , 156-169 High-resolution stratigraphy, 2, 4, 49, 58, 74,95,97, 185,212 research needs, 16 Himalayan Plateau, 199 Hipparion, 199 Hippopotamus, 193 Hirnantia, 7, 15, 37-44 Hominoids, 200 Homo, 12, 48, 234-241 Horses, 191, 192, 195, 198-199, 203 Humans, 234-241 Humboldt Current, 36 Humerofemoral index, 236 Hyaenids, 194 Hyaenodontidae, 190 Hydrogenosomes, 27 Hydrothermal activity, 103 Hyenas, 239 Hypselodonty, 189 Hypsodonty, 189, 191 I Ice ages, 109-110, 240-241 Neogene, biotic effects, 118-130 see also Glaciation and deglaciation Icehouse world, 5, 156, 186, 200 Iceland, 121 India, 199-200 Indian Ocean, 211 Individualism, 135 Insectivores, 190, 191 Insolation, 129 Interdisciplinary research, 2-3 research needs, 15-16 Intermediate dwellers, 87-90 Iridium, 54, 56, 62, 80, 83 Iron, 24, 29, 39-42 Isospores, 151 Isotopes, 29-30 Isthmus of Panama, 120, 126, 127 J lames Ross Island, 164 Jaramillo magnetic reversal, 123 Karsts, 35 Kinetoplastids, 27 King George Island, 167 L Lagarostrobus, 164, 165, 166 Lagomorphs, 191 Land bridges, 188, 199-200 Landscape, 139, 141-147 Lauraceae, 181 Leaf physiognomy, 5, 157, 164 roseaceous, 165

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From page 248...

... , 185-205 research needs, 16 INDEX Milankovitch climate cycles, 4-5, 50, 58, 60 Mineral charcoal, 139 Miospores, 137 Mississippi River, 214 Mitochondria, 26, 27 Mitrospermum, 141 Mixing, 226 Models, 4 climatic changes, 109, 110, 222 `'conveyor belt" ocean circulation, 211 envi ronmental/bi o logic al co eve luti on , 31 mass extinctions, 64 research needs, 16 Mollusks, 12, 62, 120, 126 Monkeys, 124, 200 Monsoons, 36-39, 119, 127 Morozovellids, 97 Moschidae, 192 Mosses, 168 Mountain glaciers, 119 Multituberculata, 190 Musk oxen, 195 Mustelids, 193 N Nannoplankton, 51 Natural selection, see Evolution Nebraska, 193 Nekton, 39 Neoecology, 151 Neoglobequadrina dutertrei, 215 Neritic environment, see Continental shelf Netherlands, 123 Neutron activation, 39 Nevada, 193 New Zealand, 165 Nitrates, 26 NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, 112 North America, 119, 178, 222-223 Cenozoic mammal faunas, 185-205 North Atlantic deep water (NADW) , 6-7, 102, 127, 130, 211, 214 North Atlantic Neogene ice age, biotic effects, 118130 North Pacific, 212 North Sea, 120, 127 Northern Hemi sphere, 119- 130, 156- 169 Northern Plains, 127, 128 Nothofagus, 165, 166-168, 179-180 Nuttallides truempi, 97 o Ocean circulation, 5-7, 12, 36-39, 102 Ocean Drilling Program (ODP)

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From page 249...

... , 186-188, 197, 198-200 Rare earth elements, 24 Red Sea, 211 Research needs, 15-16 Resource depletion, 64 Reversed magnetic interval, 96, 190 Rhinocerotids, 191, 193 Rhizovores, 191 RNA, 27 Rock accumulation rates, 49 Rock Canyon Anticline, 58 Rocky Mountains, 191 Rodents, 13-15, 190, 191 Ross Sea, 167 Rotalipora foraminifer, 57 Rudists, 15, 54, 114 Ruminants, 198, 200 S 5. beccariformis, 96 Sabertooth cats, 239 Sagebrush, 178 Sahara, 120 Salinity, 100, 112, 214-217 Salix, 166 San Salvador, 123 Savanna, 190-194, 201, 233 Scales, 227-229 Scandinavia, 119 Scansorial mammals, 189 Sclerophyll plants, 13, 178, 182 Sea otters, 121 Sea-floor spreading, 129 Sea-level changes, 11, 54, 56, 201, 204, 212 Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction, 88-91 Ordovician glaciation and marine fauna, 35-44 Sediment traps, 212 Sedimentation rates, 4, 40, 75, 102 Seed ferns, 143 Seed plants, 136 Seismic stratigraphy, 200-201 Semiarid regions, 176-177 Sessile plants, 221 Seymour Island, 164, 185 Shales, 137 Shatsky Rise, 109 Shocked quartz grains, 62 Shrub eaters, 192 Siberia, 157 Sigillarians, 151 Signor-Lipps effect, 9, 52-53 Silicate rocks, 129 Siwalik Hills, 199-200 Slime molds, 28 Snakes, 15 Songbirds, 13-15 South Atlantic, 211 South Shetland Islands, 165 Southern Hemisphere, 156-169 Space-time box, 229 Spatial and temporal scales, 227-229 Speciation, 124, 152, 178, 188 Species turnover, 12- 13, 146- 147, 149, 151, 186, 198-200 Sphenopsids, 141, 142, 151 Spinels, 80 Spruce, 224 St.

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From page 250...

... 250 \ INDEX Tectonic activity, 62, 119, 123, 127, 148, 168, 175, 194, 226 Teeth, 101, 189 Tegelen faunas, 124 Teleoceras, 193 Temperature, 157, 178 Terminations, 122 Terrestrial habitat, 234-241 Tethyan Ocean, 80, 114 Tethys Seaway, 103 Thermocline, 39, 89, 101, 212 Thermohaline circulation, 6-7, 111 Thresholds, 9-10 Thulean land bridge, 188, 201 Tibetan Plateau, 127 Tillodontia, 190 Time scale, 2 Titanotheres, 13 Tools, 240 Toxic waters, 39 Trace elements, 56, 62 Tree ferns, 141, 142, 145, 150 Tree rings, 159 Trees, 140, 141 Trichomonads, 26 Trilobites, 15, 43 Trochospiral forms, 100 Tropics, 36-39, 104, 211 climatic stability, 108-115 Tundra, 166, 188 Turnover-pulse hypothesis, 188 U Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, 26 Ungulates, 189, 191, 193, 204 Uraninite, 23 V Vapor pressure, 104, 110 Vegetation, see Flora Vertical advection, 39-42 Virginia, 120 Volcanic activity, 103, 129 W Warm saline deep water, 102, 104, 111 Water column, 87-90 Western Interior Seaway, 58 Wetland habitats coal swamp ecosystems, 134-152 White River chronofauna, 190-194 Winds, 127 Woody shrubs, 192 Wyoming, 194 X Xeromorphy, 141, 147 ye Yorktown Formation, 120-121 Younger Dryas cooling, 7, 210-218 Yucatan Channel, 121

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Index Pages 245-250

Index
Pages 245-250