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Pages 297-306

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From page 297... ... , 9, 51-52, 62-165, 167, 184, 96, 107, 111-113, 72 100, 151 117 tifolia) , 104 See also etlands 6, 206 297 administrative differences, 208-209 aerial photography, 10, 69, 73, 77, 78, 86, 108, 144, 164, 165, 190-194, 195-196, 205, 206, 211 altered sites, 146, 164-165 boundary detection, 193-194, 204-206, 207 field methodology, 71-72, 73, 77, 82, 120, 147, 185, 192-193, 212 functional, 11, 215-226 geographic information systems, 199 201 goals, 184- 185 hierarchical approach, 143-144, 145, 148 hydrology, 91-92, 93, 106-108, 147, 165, 191, 202-204, 218, 222 models and modeling, 10, 103, 146, 187, 202-204, 206, 221 modified approach, 139-141 National Food Security Act Manual, 222 need for, 91-92, 215 office methods, 88, 213 and permit applications, 223 Primacy Indicators Method, 141-143, 144, 148 A Acreage, wetlands, 1, 16, 195 Agricultural Stabilization Service (ASCS) Read the entire page →
From page 298... ... See Hydrology; Soils; Vegetation "Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States" (Cowardin Report) , 54-55, 58 Clean Water Act exclusions/exemptions, 11, 66, 68-69, 158 jurisdiction, 66 protection of wetlands, 18, 66-68, 153, 160 Section 404, 2, 9, 51, 52-54, 55, 66-69, 155, 158, 179, 184, 195, 211, 217, 218 Clinton administration, 18, 69, 158 Coalition to Restore Coastal Louisiana, 89 Coastal Zone Management Act amendments of 1980, 224 Colorado, 156 Conifer swamps, 85 Connecticut, 219 Conservation Foundation, 48 Conversion of wetlands, 1, 16-17, 44, 69, 100, 158-160 Cottonwood, 172 Cypress (Taxodium) Read the entire page →
From page 299... ... See also Functions of wetlands classes, 20-21 dry phases, 36 ecosystem nature, 21-34, 57, 59 hydrogeomorphic characteristics, 24-25 hydrology, 22-25 natural disturbances and, 25, 32, 151, 162 nutrient transformation, 25, 32-34 organic matter, 25, 110-111 permafrost, 150-151 sedimentation, 39, 40 soil formation processes, 110-111 transitional zones, 41-42, 139 vegetation, 24, 28-29 variations among wetlands, 15-16, 24 25 Ellender, Allan, 46 Emergency Wetland Reserve Program, 160 Environmental Defense Fund, 89 Clean Water Act and 66-68 . Read the entire page →
From page 300... ... 11896, 46 Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire, 187 Hydric soils absence of, 6, 136, 147 atypical, 88 criteria for, 114- 116 definition, 56, 85, 96, 110, 114-116, 254 delineation of wetlands with, 118-119, 133, 139 fidelity indicators, 117- 118, 146, 189 hydrology and, 76 hydrophytic vegetation and, 118, 130, 134-135 importance, 4, 6, 57-58, 61, 144-145 indicators, 6, 62-63, 85-86, 116, 120, 133, 141, 147, 211 microbial activity, 99 Read the entire page →
From page 301... ... See also Depressional wetlands K Kirkham wetlands, 133 L Lake Calumet, 216 Lodgepole pine bogs, 85 Longleaf pine wet savannahs, 85 Louisiana, 89, 157 Read the entire page →
From page 302... ... Agricultural Water Quality Incentives Program, 194 budget, 158 definition of wetlands, 57, 159 delineation of wetlands, 68, 69, 72-73, 158, 190, 194-195, 211 Environmental Conservation Acreage Program, 194 hydric soils definition, 110 manual, 2, 72-74 National Resources Inventory, 147, 175, 187 regionalization, 179, 181, 183 Soil Interpretations Record database, 115 Wetlands Reserve Program, 19, 194 Nature Conservancy, 48 New Hampshire, 219 New Jersey, 219 Nixon administration, 46 North Carolina, 196 North Dakota, 191 INDEX Muskegs, 85 Muskrats, 25 N National Aerial Photography Program, 196 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 191, 201 National Flood Insurance Program, 154 National High Altitude Photography program, 196 National List of Plant Species that Occur in Read the entire page →
From page 303... ... See also Regulation of wetlands Bush administration, 2 conversion of wetlands, 1, 44 excluded lands, 8-9, 11-12, 58, 63-64, 69-70, 155 floodplains, 154 "no net loss" principle, 18-19 protection of wetlands, 13 - 14, 45, 56 Prairie potholes agricultural use, 73, 160 biodiversity and, 37 boundary determination, 41, 141 303 case study, 132, 160 classification schemes, 174 drainage and fill permits, 155 functions, 37, 156, 216 hydrology, 24, 104 regionalization, 171, 172, 174, 186 satellite imaging of, 191 sedimentation and nutrient cycling, 40 vegetation, 82, 85, 132 R Recommendations altered lands, 167 assessment methodologies, 203 delineation of wetlands, 64, 188, 226 federal administration, 214 functional assessment of wetlands,.226 hydrology, 144-146, 189 isolated wetlands and headwaters, 166167 manuals, 144-148 permafrost wetlands, 166 quality control and quality assurance, 214 recordkeeping, 214 regionalization, 188- 189 reference definition, 64 reference wetlands, 214 riparian ecosystems, 166 soils, 146-147, 189 studies of wetland phenomena, 42, 96, 146 training and certification of delineators, 214 transition zones, 167 vegetation, 147-148, 189 Red maple swamps, 126, 129-130, 131, 132, 141 Reed, P.B., 123 Reference sites, 108, 148, 187, 214, 221 Refuse Act of 1899, 46 Regionalization abundance of wetlands, 173- 174 advantages and disadvantages, 185-186 classification schemes, 174-179, 225 climatic and physiographic basis, 169, 175, 180, 184-185, 186, 188 Read the entire page →
From page 304... ... See also National Resources Conservation Service Soils. See also Hydric soils alterations in, 163 anaerobic conditions, 94-96, 107, 111113, 115, 118, 121 aquic conditions, 110, 118, 254-256 Canadian classification system, 112 definitions of, 109- 110 histosols, 110, 140 inundation, 257 maps/surveys, 69, 110, 119-120, 144, 146, 165, 171, 181, 196, 201, 256 microbes and microbial activity, 98-99 moisture regime, 110, 171,254 natural drainage classes, 256-257 nomenclature, 171, 253-254 permafrost, 112 recommendations, 146-147 reduction, 255-256 redoximorphic features, 113, 255, 256 regionalization, 117, 146, 171 saturation, 255 taxonomy, 171 temperature, 94-96 transition zones, 134, 139 variation, 139 South Carolina, 103 Sport Fishing Institute, 48 St. Read the entire page →
From page 305... ... Water Resources Council, 218 V Vegetation. See also Hydrophytic vegetation alterations in, 162-163 analysis, 41, 140 boundary setting with, 135-136, 141 criterion, 6-7, 52, 55, 57, 61, 63 evapotranspiration, 112-113 facultative species, 84-85, 125-126, 131-133, 135, 173 and hydrology, 24, 133- 134 indicators, 4, 6, 142 opportunistic species, 132 permafrost wetlands, 150- 151 phreatophytes, 154, 155 prevalence, 52 regional variation, 172-173, 174 riparian ecosystems, 154, 155 succession, 150-151 stresses on, 121, 172 transition zones, 131, 132- 133, 134, 135-136 variation over time, 138-139 donation, 24, 28-29 Vernal pools, 41, 82, 85, 112, 155, 157 Virginia Institute of Marine Science, 219 Read the entire page →
From page 306... ... 306 W Waterfowl, 17, 34, 45, 48, 156 Watershed planning, 223-225 White pine bogs, 85, 131 White spruce (Picea glauca) , lSO Wildlife Management Institute, 48 Wildlife Refuge System, 45 INDEX Willamette River Valley, 1 12 Wisconsin, 104, 174, 219 World Wildlife Fund, 89 y Yazoo River Basin, 191 Read the entire page →

From page 297...

... , 9, 51-52, 62-165, 167, 184, 96, 107, 111-113, 72 100, 151 117 tifolia) , 104 See also etlands 6, 206 297 administrative differences, 208-209 aerial photography, 10, 69, 73, 77, 78, 86, 108, 144, 164, 165, 190-194, 195-196, 205, 206, 211 altered sites, 146, 164-165 boundary detection, 193-194, 204-206, 207 field methodology, 71-72, 73, 77, 82, 120, 147, 185, 192-193, 212 functional, 11, 215-226 geographic information systems, 199 201 goals, 184- 185 hierarchical approach, 143-144, 145, 148 hydrology, 91-92, 93, 106-108, 147, 165, 191, 202-204, 218, 222 models and modeling, 10, 103, 146, 187, 202-204, 206, 221 modified approach, 139-141 National Food Security Act Manual, 222 need for, 91-92, 215 office methods, 88, 213 and permit applications, 223 Primacy Indicators Method, 141-143, 144, 148 A Acreage, wetlands, 1, 16, 195 Agricultural Stabilization Service (ASCS)

Read the entire page →

From page 298...

... See Hydrology; Soils; Vegetation "Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States" (Cowardin Report) , 54-55, 58 Clean Water Act exclusions/exemptions, 11, 66, 68-69, 158 jurisdiction, 66 protection of wetlands, 18, 66-68, 153, 160 Section 404, 2, 9, 51, 52-54, 55, 66-69, 155, 158, 179, 184, 195, 211, 217, 218 Clinton administration, 18, 69, 158 Coalition to Restore Coastal Louisiana, 89 Coastal Zone Management Act amendments of 1980, 224 Colorado, 156 Conifer swamps, 85 Connecticut, 219 Conservation Foundation, 48 Conversion of wetlands, 1, 16-17, 44, 69, 100, 158-160 Cottonwood, 172 Cypress (Taxodium)

Read the entire page →

From page 299...

... See also Functions of wetlands classes, 20-21 dry phases, 36 ecosystem nature, 21-34, 57, 59 hydrogeomorphic characteristics, 24-25 hydrology, 22-25 natural disturbances and, 25, 32, 151, 162 nutrient transformation, 25, 32-34 organic matter, 25, 110-111 permafrost, 150-151 sedimentation, 39, 40 soil formation processes, 110-111 transitional zones, 41-42, 139 vegetation, 24, 28-29 variations among wetlands, 15-16, 24 25 Ellender, Allan, 46 Emergency Wetland Reserve Program, 160 Environmental Defense Fund, 89 Clean Water Act and 66-68 .

Read the entire page →

From page 300...

... 11896, 46 Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire, 187 Hydric soils absence of, 6, 136, 147 atypical, 88 criteria for, 114- 116 definition, 56, 85, 96, 110, 114-116, 254 delineation of wetlands with, 118-119, 133, 139 fidelity indicators, 117- 118, 146, 189 hydrology and, 76 hydrophytic vegetation and, 118, 130, 134-135 importance, 4, 6, 57-58, 61, 144-145 indicators, 6, 62-63, 85-86, 116, 120, 133, 141, 147, 211 microbial activity, 99

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From page 301...

... See also Depressional wetlands K Kirkham wetlands, 133 L Lake Calumet, 216 Lodgepole pine bogs, 85 Longleaf pine wet savannahs, 85 Louisiana, 89, 157

Read the entire page →

From page 302...

... Agricultural Water Quality Incentives Program, 194 budget, 158 definition of wetlands, 57, 159 delineation of wetlands, 68, 69, 72-73, 158, 190, 194-195, 211 Environmental Conservation Acreage Program, 194 hydric soils definition, 110 manual, 2, 72-74 National Resources Inventory, 147, 175, 187 regionalization, 179, 181, 183 Soil Interpretations Record database, 115 Wetlands Reserve Program, 19, 194 Nature Conservancy, 48 New Hampshire, 219 New Jersey, 219 Nixon administration, 46 North Carolina, 196 North Dakota, 191 INDEX Muskegs, 85 Muskrats, 25 N National Aerial Photography Program, 196 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 191, 201 National Flood Insurance Program, 154 National High Altitude Photography program, 196 National List of Plant Species that Occur in

Read the entire page →

From page 303...

... See also Regulation of wetlands Bush administration, 2 conversion of wetlands, 1, 44 excluded lands, 8-9, 11-12, 58, 63-64, 69-70, 155 floodplains, 154 "no net loss" principle, 18-19 protection of wetlands, 13 - 14, 45, 56 Prairie potholes agricultural use, 73, 160 biodiversity and, 37 boundary determination, 41, 141 303 case study, 132, 160 classification schemes, 174 drainage and fill permits, 155 functions, 37, 156, 216 hydrology, 24, 104 regionalization, 171, 172, 174, 186 satellite imaging of, 191 sedimentation and nutrient cycling, 40 vegetation, 82, 85, 132 R Recommendations altered lands, 167 assessment methodologies, 203 delineation of wetlands, 64, 188, 226 federal administration, 214 functional assessment of wetlands,.226 hydrology, 144-146, 189 isolated wetlands and headwaters, 166167 manuals, 144-148 permafrost wetlands, 166 quality control and quality assurance, 214 recordkeeping, 214 regionalization, 188- 189 reference definition, 64 reference wetlands, 214 riparian ecosystems, 166 soils, 146-147, 189 studies of wetland phenomena, 42, 96, 146 training and certification of delineators, 214 transition zones, 167 vegetation, 147-148, 189 Red maple swamps, 126, 129-130, 131, 132, 141 Reed, P.B., 123 Reference sites, 108, 148, 187, 214, 221 Refuse Act of 1899, 46 Regionalization abundance of wetlands, 173- 174 advantages and disadvantages, 185-186 classification schemes, 174-179, 225 climatic and physiographic basis, 169, 175, 180, 184-185, 186, 188

Read the entire page →

From page 304...

... See also National Resources Conservation Service Soils. See also Hydric soils alterations in, 163 anaerobic conditions, 94-96, 107, 111113, 115, 118, 121 aquic conditions, 110, 118, 254-256 Canadian classification system, 112 definitions of, 109- 110 histosols, 110, 140 inundation, 257 maps/surveys, 69, 110, 119-120, 144, 146, 165, 171, 181, 196, 201, 256 microbes and microbial activity, 98-99 moisture regime, 110, 171,254 natural drainage classes, 256-257 nomenclature, 171, 253-254 permafrost, 112 recommendations, 146-147 reduction, 255-256 redoximorphic features, 113, 255, 256 regionalization, 117, 146, 171 saturation, 255 taxonomy, 171 temperature, 94-96 transition zones, 134, 139 variation, 139 South Carolina, 103 Sport Fishing Institute, 48 St.

Read the entire page →

From page 305...

... Water Resources Council, 218 V Vegetation. See also Hydrophytic vegetation alterations in, 162-163 analysis, 41, 140 boundary setting with, 135-136, 141 criterion, 6-7, 52, 55, 57, 61, 63 evapotranspiration, 112-113 facultative species, 84-85, 125-126, 131-133, 135, 173 and hydrology, 24, 133- 134 indicators, 4, 6, 142 opportunistic species, 132 permafrost wetlands, 150- 151 phreatophytes, 154, 155 prevalence, 52 regional variation, 172-173, 174 riparian ecosystems, 154, 155 succession, 150-151 stresses on, 121, 172 transition zones, 131, 132- 133, 134, 135-136 variation over time, 138-139 donation, 24, 28-29 Vernal pools, 41, 82, 85, 112, 155, 157 Virginia Institute of Marine Science, 219

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From page 306...

... 306 W Waterfowl, 17, 34, 45, 48, 156 Watershed planning, 223-225 White pine bogs, 85, 131 White spruce (Picea glauca) , lSO Wildlife Management Institute, 48 Wildlife Refuge System, 45 INDEX Willamette River Valley, 1 12 Wisconsin, 104, 174, 219 World Wildlife Fund, 89 y Yazoo River Basin, 191

Read the entire page →

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INDEX Pages 297-306

INDEX
Pages 297-306