Infectious Diseases in an Age of Change The Impact of Human Ecology and Behavior on Disease Transmission (1995) / Chapter Skim
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Changes in Human Ecology and Behavior in Relation to the Emergence of Diarrheal Diseases, Including Cholera
Changes in Human Ecology and Behavior in Relation to the Emergence of Diarrheal Diseases, Including Cholera
Pages 31-42
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From page 31... ...
In developing areas, some of the sweeping changes in demographics and population distribution that are underway are creating environments of amplified transmission of enteric pathogens or are attenuating the protective features of some traditional practices. In industrialized areas, the changes underway to meet the ever-increasing demands of consumption-based economies are creating opportunities for the importation of pathogens that improvements in infrastructure were believed to have eliminated.
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From page 32... ...
disease are encountered in industrialized regions of the world, where there is access to microbiologically monitored drinking water, flush toilets, wastewater treatment, and adequate housing with little or no crowding. In these relatively affluent settings, viral agents of diarrhea predominate in pediatric populations (19~.
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From page 33... ...
Often these formulas were diluted with contaminated water, and a lack of refrigeration fostered heavy bacterial contamination. Ultimately, the World Health Assembly attempted to deal with this problem by passing a resolution that provides a restrictive code and guidelines on advertising to be followed by artificial formula manufacturers (29~.
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From page 34... ...
In industrialized countries, agriculture is characterized by massive farms where vegetables are cultivated, extensive ranches where herd animals are raised, and enormous animal husbandry operations where poultry are raised. Additionally, a uniquely Western phenomenon has arisen: enormous fast-food chains have come to exist that serve millions of meals daily in the United States and Europe with all outlets in each chain adhering to uniform food-preparation techniques.
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From page 35... ...
With 80,000 hens per henhouse, often with cages stacked one upon another, commercial egg-producing farms create a permissive environment for the rapid transmission of enteric pathogens such as Salmonella and Campylobacter jejuni among animals, thereby creating a reservoir of infection for humans. Part of the appeal of fast-food chains is the consumer's expectation that the food prepared in all outlets will conform to uniform procedures, using comparable ingredients (often from the same source)
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From page 36... ...
cold go on to develop the hemolytic uremic syndrome characterized by the triad of hemolytic anemia, acute renal failure, and thrombocytopenia (42~. Finally, it is now appreciated that cattle serve as the main reservoir of enterohemorrhagic E
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Among populations living in less-developed ecologic conditions, the repeated antigenic stimulation by Plesiomonas bacteria consequent to ingestion of untreated surface waters may stimulate cross-protection against Sh. sonnet.
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From page 38... ...
A proportion of the population of developing countries lives in deprived conditions characterized by ramshackle housing, lack of piped water and sanitation, and widespread fecal contamination of the
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From page 39... ...
In contrast, the majority of inhabitants of industrialized countries live in a sanitary environment that generally discourages the transmission of enteric pathogens, particularly bacteria. In both these ecologic niches, changes in human ecology and behavior are leading to the emergence of certain enteric infections.
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From page 40... ...
(1993) in Proceedings of Eastern Pennsylvania Branch-American Society for Microbiology Symposium on the Migration of Infectious Diseases: Five Hundred Years After Columbus, ed.
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From page 41... ...
Human Ecology and Diarrheal Diseases 141 40. Neill, M., Tarr, P., Clausen, C., Christie, D
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