Ground Water Recharge Using Waters of Impaired Quality (1994) / Chapter Skim
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6 Selected Artificial Recharge Projects
6 Selected Artificial Recharge Projects
Pages 211-259
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From page 211... ...
The seven sites discussed are Water Factory 21, Orange County, California Montebello Forebay, California · Phoenix, Arizona · El Paso, Texas Long Island, New York Orlando, Florida The Dan Region, Israel These examples are illustrative and brief, and the committee did not attempt to make recommendations from these site-specific cases. Instead, the committee hopes that these descriptions will show that artificial ground water recharge is not a "technology of the future" but rather something in use today in relatively diverse settings.
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From page 212... ...
This project demonstrates indirect potable reuse via surface spreading of reclaimed water. The Montebello Forebay project has been in operation since 1962 and has been the subject of extensive research to investigate health-related issues.
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From page 213... ...
. ,, 9 SCALE IN MILES 213 \ FIGURE 6.1 Orange County ground water recharge facilities and saltwater intrusion barriers.
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From page 214... ...
Construction of an AWT facility known as Water Factory 21 was started in 1972 in Fountain Valley, and injection of the treated municipal wastewater into the ground began in 1976. Water Factory 21 receives activated sludge secondary effluent from the adjacent County Sanitation Districts of Orange County (CSDOC)
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From page 215... ...
215 ~ tic cat Yost C: I< CtS (D ., At, ~ CO ~ ~7 o , Of o D C' ~00= _ ~ J o ._ Ct C)
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From page 216... ...
Hence, OCWD is considering phasing out use of deep well water for blending and inject 100 percent reclaimed water. In addition, ground water studies indicate that approximately 25 mad of injected water is needed to fully protect against seawater intrusion at the Talbert Gap, and consideration is being given to increasing the amount of water produced at Water Factory 21 by 5 to 10 mad in future years.
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From page 217... ...
A\\\\\\) Alpha Aquifer `\\\~\ And ~ Am Blank Well Casing Beta Aquifer - \\\ `~\\~` `\~\\~\~` " Lambda Aquifer I\ "an' `~\~\~` "lo\ FIGURE 6.3 Typical reclaimed water injection well.
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From page 218... ...
The use of effluent from the Pomona WRP is expected to decrease as the reclaimed water becomes more fully used for irrigation and industrial applications in the Pomona area. The water reclamation plants were originally built as secondary treatment facilities; however, body contact recreational activities in the receiving waters dictated that additional public health protection measures be taken.
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From page 219... ...
The San Gabriel River spreading basins occupy 224 acres, which include approximately 133 acres in an unlined section of San Gabriel River. The locations of the spreading basins and water reclamation plants are shown in Figure 6.4.
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From page 220... ...
The focus of the study, conducted by LACSD, was the Montebello Forebay ground water recharge project. At the time the study was conducted, the annual amount of reclaimed water spread and recharged averaged 26,500 acre-feet/year, which was 16 percent of the total inflow to the ground water basin, with no more than 32,700 acre-feet of reclaimed water spread in any given year.
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From page 221... ...
This allowed for greater flexibility in spreading operations. The Montebello Forebay ground water recharge project includes extensive sampling and analysis of reclaimed water from the Whittier Narrows, San Jose Creek, and Pomona WRPs with similar monitoring of six shallow monitoring wells within the confines of the spreading grounds, 20 production wells in and around the spreading grounds, and ground water both upgradient and downgradient of the spreading grounds.
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From page 222... ...
In 1993, research was initiated to provide comparative, supplemental data for the Health Effects Study findings. Similar toxicological and chemical procedures are being used to characterize any changes in reclaimed water or ground water quality that might have occurred since the Health Effects Study samples were originally collected for evaluation.
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From page 223... ...
Both projects were in the nonnally dry Salt River bed. The project below the 91st Avenue treatment plant, known as the Flushing Meadows project (Bouwer et al., 1974a,b, 1980)
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From page 224... ...
Infiltration Rates The inundation schedule typically was 9 days flooding/12 days drying at the Flushing Meadows project and 14 days flooding/14 days drying at the 23rd Avenue project. Water depths in the basins were about 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 inches)
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From page 225... ...
For the 23rd Avenue project, the effluent from the treatment plant initially flowed through a 79-acre lagoon before it entered the infiltration basins. Heavy growth of algae, particularly the unicellular Carteria klebsii, in the lagoon caused soil clogging in the infiltration basins, especially in the summer.
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From page 226... ...
At the 23rd Avenue project, the total nitrogen content in the treated wastewater averaged about 18 mg/1, of which 16 mg/1 was as ammonium. The 2-week flooding and drying cycles must have been conducive to denitrification in the vadose zone because the total nitrogen content of the renovated water from the large center well averaged 5.6 mg/1, of which 5.3 mg/1 was as nitrate, 0.1 mg/1 as ammonium, 0.1 mg/1 as organic nitrogen, and 0.02 mg/1 as nitrite.
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From page 227... ...
of secondary treated wastewater, there were no signs of a decrease in phosphate removal. At the 23rd Avenue project, phosphate phosphorus concentrations in the last few years of the research averaged 5.5 mg/1 for the secondary treated wastewater going into the ground and 0.37 mg/1 for the renovated water pumped from the center well.
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From page 228... ...
Boron Boron was not removed in the vadose zone and the aquifer of the Flushing Meadows and 23rd Avenue projects and was present at concentrations of 0.5 to 0.7 mg/1 in both treated wastewater and renovated water. The lack of boron removal was due to insufficient amounts of clay in the vadose zone and aquifer.
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From page 229... ...
At the 23rd Avenue project, fecal coliform concentrations in the secondary sewage effluent entering the infiltration basins were 10,000 per 100 ml prior to November 1980 when the effluent was not yet chlorinated in the treatment plant and was first passed through the 79-acre lagoon. This concentration increased to 1.8 x 106 per 100 ml when the nonchlorinated effluent was bypassed around the lagoon and flowed directly into the infiltration basins.
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From page 230... ...
Trace Organic Compounds The nature and concentration of trace organics in the secondary sewage treated wastewater and in the renovated water from the various wells of the 23rd Avenue project were determined by Stanford University's Environmental Engineering and Science Section, using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The studies were carried out for 2 months with nonchlorinated effluent, and then for 3 months with chlorinated effluent.
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From page 231... ...
Other Organic Micropollutants In addition to the aliphatic and aromatic compounds mentioned, other compounds tentatively identified in organic extracts of the samples of treated municipal wastewater and renovated water using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were fatty acids, resin acids, clofibric acid, aLkylphenol poly
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From page 232... ...
, and triaLkylphosphates. Several of the compounds were detected only in the secondary effluent and not in the renovated water.
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From page 233... ...
In the Phoenix studies, secondary treated municipal wastewater was used because that was what the treatment plants provided. In general, however, the secondary (biological)
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From page 234... ...
The Fred Hervey Water Reclamation Plant provides up to 10 mad of reclaimed water for ground water recharge. This means that each 10-year period of operation of this facility can extend the resource lifetime of the aquifer by 1 year.
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From page 235... ...
Rio GNnde Watt Treatment Plant Juarez Hi\ T N 0 25 50 .
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From page 236... ...
Source Water The Fred Hervey Water Reclamation Plant is a wastewater treatment facility designed for recycling water used by the residents in the northeast area of E1 Paso back to the Hueco Bolson to help meet the water needs of E1 Paso. The influent characteristics indicate a moderately weak sewage that is primarily do
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From page 237... ...
adequate aquifer residence time to provide the opportunity for additional purification in the aquifer. The E1 Paso Water Utilities ground water recharge project has been operating since 1985 the recharge to Hueco Bolson aquifer.
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From page 238... ...
Table 6.3 shows that the water produced is comparable to the water currently in the Hueco Bolson aquifer and that it meets state and federal regulatory levels for safe drinking water. An ongoing U.S.
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From page 239... ...
Water management is a necessity. Ground water recharge operations are extending the lifetime of He Hueco Bolson aquifer.
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From page 240... ...
To obviate Me need for costly trunk storm sewers to convey runoff to streams or coastal waters and to minimize the loss of recharge, shallow stonnwater collection basins have been built to contain stormwater runoff and allow it to infiltrate to the water table. These stormwater infiltration basins have been used since 1935.
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From page 241... ...
In areas drained to the basins, ground water recharge from precipitation is probably equal to or slightly greater than recharge under predevelopment conditions (Seaburn and Aronson, 1974~. Recharge provided by the stormwater basins partially replenishes Me ground water withdrawn for use by Long Island residents and thereby helps retard seawater intrusion into the aquifers and the drying up of streams.
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From page 242... ...
Source Water Water recharged by the Long Island basins is stormwater runoff from residential, industrial, and commercial areas and from highways. As such, it is highly variable in bow quantity and quality.
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From page 243... ...
These rates were observed under a wide range of meteorological conditions. Quality Five recharge basins representing different land use areas were monitored during 46 storms to determine quality of stormwater runoff and precipitation and quality of ground water immediately beneath the basins 1 or 2 days after the storm.
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From page 244... ...
Summary Ground water recharge of sto~Tnwater has proved to be a viable means of locally disposing of storm runoff in a rapidly urbanizing part of Long Island and, at the same time, countering the reduction of natural recharge to the ground water system caused by the increase in impervious areas. The Long Island aquifer system has been designated by EPA as the "sole-source aquifer" for water supply in Nassau and SuffoLk counties, a 3,070 square km (1,200 square mile)
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From page 245... ...
(Tibbals, 1990~. Water supply for the Orlando area is obtained mainly from Me Lower Flondan aquifer, but some is pumped from the Upper Floridan aquifer as well.
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From page 246... ...
. 1 1 1 [ 0 1 2 ~ 3 Kilometers Urban Orlando Study Area Drainage Well Public Water-Supply Well in the Lower Floridan Aquifer O Public Water-Supply Well in the Upper Floridan Aquifer FIGURE 6.8 Location of drainage wells and public-water supply wells within Me Orlando area.
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From page 247... ...
However, the low-permeability materials in the intermediate confining unit impede the downward flow of ground water from the surficial aquifer to the Upper Floridan aquifer. The drainage wells "short circuit" the intermediate confining unit and provide for direct input of surface water to He Upper Floridan aquifer.
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From page 248... ...
Quality Quality of inflow to the drainage wells has been summarized by Bradner (1991~. According to that review, stormwater runoff contains high concentrations of total organic carbon, organic nitrogen, iron, lead, sulfate, and zinc, while concentrations of most anions and cations are lower in stormwater runoff than in water from the Upper Floridan aquifer (Wanielista et al., 1981; German, 1989~.
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From page 249... ...
. The quality of water in the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Orlando area also has been studied.
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From page 250... ...
At pumping rates ranging from 240 to 460 8pm, the wells reportedly had specific capacities that ranged from 27 to 1,900 gpm/feet, with the median being 310 gpm/feet. The 23 mad of recharge from the wells in the Orlando area has created a mound in the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer of 1.2 m (4 It)
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From page 251... ...
DAN REGION WASTEWATER RECLAMATION PROJECT METROPOLITAN TEL AVIV, ISRAEL Where water is scarce, municipal wastewater can serve as an unconventional source of supply that can be integrated into the regional water supply system. In Israel, the increased demands for high-quality water and the shortage of natural water sources have resulted in the development of strategies to improve the quality of secondary effluent to make it suitable for nonpotable uses, especially unrestricted agricultural reuse.
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From page 252... ...
Recharge is done with spreading basins to take advantage of the purification capacity of both die unsaturated zone and the aquifer. Operation of the recharge basins is intermittent; flooding periods are alternated with adequate drying periods to maintain high infiltration rates and to allow oxygen penetration into the soil to enhance the purification capacity of the system.
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From page 253... ...
from the recharge basins. The spreading basins are flooded intermittently to maintain high infiltration rates and to enhance effluent purification during percolation.
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From page 254... ...
before recharge and SAT and for Me reclaimed water (RW) after SAT (Tables 6.6., 6.7, 6.8~.
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From page 255... ...
cold MPN/100 ml130,000 0 Streptococcus faecalis MPN/100 ml29,000 0 Enteroviruses PFIJ/200 12 0 Note: PFIJ = plaque-forming units; MPN = Most Probable Number. Basic Wastewater Parameters The relatively high removal efficiency obtained for a variety of parameters confirms that SAT is an integral part of the municipal wastewater treatment process in the Dan Region project.
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From page 257... ...
The monthly consumption of the recovered water conveyed by the Third Line during 1991 has ranged from 2.6 to 29 million gallons. Dunng 2 years of operation, about 44,000 million gallons reclaimed water from the Dan Region project was reused for unrestricted Irrigation in the southern part of Israel.
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From page 258... ...
1991. Water quality in the upper Floridan aquifer in the vicinity of drainage wells, Orlando, Florida.
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From page 259... ...
1993. Epidemiological assessment of Groundwater recharge with reclaimed water in Los Angeles County.
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