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From page 277... ... Index A Acid rain, 56-57, 251 Advanced Clean/Efficient Power Systems, 2 budget, 30-32, 160-161, 197 EPACT and, 14, 209 R&D activities and goals, 3, 6-7, 197, 207 Advanced Clean Fuels program, 2-3 budget, 3, 30-32, 106 coal cleaning research in, 77 goals, 3 Advanced fuel systems demonstration projects, 157-158 DOE RD&D activities, 34, 35, 36, 196 opportunities for development, 163-164 Advanced power systems demonstration projects, 258-262 DOE cost and efficiency projections, 183-186 DOE RD&D program, 34-36 efficiency classifications, 7, 182-183, 186- 189 Baseload emissions control goals, 145, 189-191 definition, 46 export market, 40-41 gas cleanup technology and, 9-10, 193 potential efficiencies, 144-145 277 prospects for innovation, 173 pulverized coal, 115- 117 R&D funding, 10-11, 34, 43, 195 recommendations, 6-11, 194-195 research goals, 34-36, 113-114, 152, 162-163 solid waste products, 145-146 systems analysis of, 13, 203-204 Advanced Research and Energy Technology, 160- 161 Advanced Research and Technology Development biotechnology research, 166 budge! ;, 30, 106, 160-161 coal cleaning research in, 77, 78 purpose and structure, 3 Advanced Turbine Systems program, 137 Alkylation coprocessing, 166 Atmospheric fluidized-bed combustion, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124 B projected requirements, 61 Biomass energy production, 52 Bioprocessing research, 166-167 Read the entire page →
From page 278... ... 278 Bitumen, 53-54, 62 Brayton cycle, 134 C Capital cost learning curve, 151 Carbon dioxide, 4, 5 emission control technologies, 59, 144145, 190, 192, 194 emissions goals, 29 global warming concerns, 58, 252-253 international agreements, 58-59 marketability of power generation systems and, 187 recommendations for R&D, 196 Catalysis research, 165- 167 Ceramic heat exchangers, 8, 117, 118 advantages, 169 current research activity, 170- 171 disadvantages, 169, 170 for EFCC systems, 169 prospects for innovation, 173 Ceramic membranes, 171-172, 173 Chemicals industry, 55-56 China, 1, 3, 33, 157 coal export potential, 39 new construction for electricity generation, 40 pollution controls, 41 retrofit of power-generatin~ facilities, 40 Clean Air Act, 56, 57, 248 Clean Coal Technologies RD&D Program Plan, 34 Clean Coal Technology (CCT) program budget, 2 Clean Coal Technologies RD&D Program Plan vs., 34 coal gasification programs, 93 coal-water slurry projects, 81 commercialization activities, 14, 158, 205-206 commercialization goals, 151-152 cost and risk sharing in, 2, 151-152, 156 current status, 2 demonstration projects, 32, 89, 152155, 157-158, 258-262 INDEX EPACT and, 32-33, 235, 238-242 export market, 40 funding, 24, 28, 32, 36 future of, 155- 157 goals, 2, 3, 28, 36, 150 international activities, 32-33, 156- 157 patent rights, 152 PFBC demonstration, 121 recommendations for, 10-11, 206 technology transfer activities, 238-242 Clean Water Act, 253 Climate Change Action Plan, 29, 82, 83 Coal cleaning coal liquefaction and, 181 current R&D programs, 77-78, 181 current technology, 77, 181 definition, 75, 180 development history, 76-77 DOE activity, 77-78, 79 as export technology, 78-79 prospects for innovation, 78-79, 181 for pulverized coal power generation systems, 114 purpose of, 75 recommendations regarding, 182 steps in, 75-76 Coal-liquid mixtures commercial prospects, 81 current R&D programs, 80-81, 181 current technology, 80, 181 definition, 7 development history, 79-80 economics of, 79, 80 EPACT provisions, 243-244 prospects for innovation, 181 recommendation regarding, 182 Coal-oil mixtures, 79 Coal production coal cleaning technologies, 75-79 demonstrated reserve base, 3-4, 19, 46 domestic economy and, 39 for industrial use, 54-55 methane release/recovery in, 59n, 5960, 81-84, 173, 182, 232-233 trends in, 39 Coal refinery concept, 106, 109, 111, 200201 Read the entire page →
From page 279... ... ,~ . Decency of power generation systems and, 187, 193 as element of Clean Coal Technology program, 14, 28, 32, 34, 205-206 EPACT requirements, l5O, 205, 209 fluidized-bed combustion technologies, 121, 122 hydrogen derived from coal gasification process, 96, 11O, 197, 202 integrated gasification fuel cell systems, 130 methanol derived from coal gasification, prospects for, 98-100 obstacles to, 150-151 as R&D investment criterion, 195 recommendations, 10-11, 206 synthetic natural gas, 97, 98 Coproduction systems, 5, 11-12 coal liquefaction and, 12-13, 200 coal refinery concept and, 201 cogeneration, 106-107 commercial prospects, 111, 202 direct liquefaction and, 108-109 DOE R&D, 109, 111, 209 efficiency, 197 EPACT requirements, 209 indirect liquefaction and, 108 projected capacity, 44 recommendations for, 13, 203 regulatory environment, 43 types of, 106 D Demonstration projects advanced emission control systems, 153-154 Read the entire page →
From page 280... ... coal market, trends in, 39-40 ~ or. ~ ~ nTnc~enc~es advanced power systems, 7, 8, 9 carbon dioxide emissions and, 59, 190 classification of power generating systems, 7, 182-183 coal cleaning for, 75 coal-fired power plants, 144 combustion turbine technology, 135, 136, 137 coproduction systems, 197 current technologies, 186- 189 fluidized bed combustion, 120, 123, 154, 183 fuel cell technology, 128-129 gasification systems, 90-91, 92, 197 integrated gasification combined-cycle systems, 126, 182, 183 Read the entire page →
From page 281... ... INDEX integrated gasification fuel cell systems, 130, 182 liquefaction systems, 11 magnetohydrodynamic power generation, 133 natural gas-fired advanced turbine systems, 167 power generation goals, 6, 183-186 projected electricity demand and, 44 prospects for improving, 144-145, 183186, 192-193 in pulverized coal power generation systems, 114-115, 119, 155, 183 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) , 24,43,76 Electrical power generation advantages of natural gas, 4 alternative strategic scenarios, 65, 68 coal consumption for, 4, 19, 38, 41 coal waste products, 60, 254 combustion turbine technology, 134-135 efficiency, 6, 7, 144 emission control goals, 6-7 emission control technology, 138-143 environmental concerns, 60, 61-62 EPACT coal provisions, 231 financial environment, 35-36 fluidized bed combustion systems, 119121 fuel cell systems, 128-130 future scenarios, 22-23 global trends, 40 integrated gasification combined-cycle systems for, 124-125 magnetohydrodynamic systems for, 132-133 new technology development, 42-43 non-utility generators, 42, 44 percentage of use of fuel sources for, 19 private sector research and development, 24 projected demand, 43-44, 61 projected demand for coal, 46-47, 50 projected demand for liquefied natural gas, 50-51 projected demand for nuclear power, 51-52 281 projected demand for oil, 51 projected natural gas utilization, 47-50, 61 projected new capacity requirements, 44-46 pulverized coal systems, 114-115, 119, 155, 183 recommendations for DOE R&D, 8-9, 180 regulatory trends, 41-43, 60-62, 254 255 rehabilitation and retrofit for, 40, 46, 50, 123 renewable energy in, 52-53 research and development efforts, 113 114 source of pollutants in, 138, 139 state regulatory trends, 60-61, 254-255 strategic planning assumptions, 4, 5, 61 technology export market, 4, 40-41 See also Advanced power systems; Coproduction systems Electromagnetic field exposure, 255 Electrostatic precipitator, 138-139 Emission controls for acid deposition, 251 in advanced power systems, 8-9, 153 154 air quality standards, 248-251 air tonics, 251-252 alternative strategic scenarios, 65, 68 bioprocessing techniques, 166- 167 for carbon dioxide, 59, 144-145, 190, 192, 194 CCT demonstration projects, 153- 154 coal preparation, 75, 76, 78 coal-related-technology exports and, 40-41, 62 coalbed methane recovery, 81-84, 173, 181 for combustion turbine emissions, 135, 136 costs, 140, 141, 145 current technology, 56, 57-58, 140- 143 development challenges and opportunities, 143-145, 190-191 development needs, 191-192 Read the entire page →
From page 282... ... 282 DOE R&D, 6-7, 141, 144, 145-146, 189-190 DOE strategic objectives, 189-190, 194 effectiveness, 140-143 electromagnetic field exposure, 255 externality adders, 254-255 flue gas desulfurization, 10, 139, 140, 144, 192 for fuel cell technologies, 128, 129 future of coal use and, 1, 19, 61-62 global warming concerns, 58-59, 62, 252-253 for heavy metals, 144 in integrated gasification combinedcycle systems, 138-139, 141-143, 145, 146 international activities, 24-25, 41 long-term considerations, 190-191 marketability of power generation systems and, 187, 193 membrane materials research, 171-172 for mercury emissions, 144, 190, 252 for noncriteria pollutants, 144, 190 for particulate matter, 249-250 plant siting issues, 254-255 in pressurized fluidized-bed combustion, 138-139, 141, 142-143, 144, 145, 146 prospects for, 146, 194 recommendations, 6, 195-196 regulatory trends, 56-57, 58-59, 60-61, 62, 189-190, 254-255 salable by-products from, 143, 146 selective catalytic reduction, 140-141 solid waste, 139- 140, 143- 144, 145146, 191, 192, 194, 195-196, 254 strategic planning assessment criteria 70 strategic planning assumptions, 4, S 61 -62 technical basis, 138- 139 water quality standards, 253 See also specific pollutant Energy, Department of (DOE) advanced power systems R&D, 7-8, 192-193, 194-195 bioprocessing of coal, research in, 166 INDEX budget data, 246-247 Clean Coal Technologies Research, Development, and Demonstration Program Plan, 34-36 coal catalysis research, 165 coal cleaning R&D, 77-78, 79, 181 coal gasification programs, 93, 95, 106, 201-202, 203 coal liquefaction programs, 12-13, 14 15, 165, 182, 203 coal-liquid mixtures R&D, 80-81, 182 coal program, 2-3, 75 coal program objectives, recommendations for, 5-6, 208, 219 coal program trends, 27-29, 36 coal refinery and coproduction programs, 109, 111, 209 coal refinery studies, 201 Coal Strategic Plan, 22, 34 coalbed methane recovery programs, 82-83, 182 combustion turbine research, 137-138 cross-cutting activities, 25, 34, 36, 160 161, 190 demonstration and commercialization activities, 150, 151, 205-206 direct liquefaction research, 103, 104, 105 efficiency goals for advanced power systems, 183-186 electric utility deregulation and, 42 electrical power generation R&D, 113 114 emission control targets, 6-7, 192 emission control technology research, 141, 144, 145-146, 194 EPACT compliance by, 14-15, 33, 208 219, 225-227 EPACT provisions for, 1, 5, 21-22, 150, 223-225, 228-245 fluidized bed combustion research, 120, 121, 122, 124 IGCC systems research, 126, 127 information management on coal related technology, 209, 219, 244 integrated gasification fuel cell research, 131-132 Read the entire page →
From page 283... ... European Union, 24-25 Export/import markets, 4 clean coal technology transfer, 238-242 coal-exporting countries, 38-39 coal-importing countries, 39 coal preparation technology, 78-79 coal utilization technology, 40-41, 62 efficiency of power generation systems and, 187, 193 electrical generation technologies, 4, 40-41 EPACT provisions, 156-157, 235-238, 238-242, 244 global competition, 39, 40 imported coal costs, 39 projected natural gas, 49 projections for coal, 4 U.S. coal exports, 39-40 Externality adders, 254-255 Externally-fired combined-cycle systems, 7, 115, 117, 155, 169, 170, 173, 182 F Fischer-Tropsch process, 11 - 12, 96, 100 102, 199 Fixed-bed gasification, 86, 88-89 Fluidized bed processes, 86, 88, 89, 91, 99, 119-121 current programs, 121 current technology, 121 development challenges and opportunities, 122-124, 187 efficiency, 120, 123, 154, 197 prospects for, 124, 197 Fossil Energy Research and Development (DOE) Read the entire page →
From page 284... ... 284 demonstration projects, 152, 154, 155, 158-159, 205, 206 gas turbine research, 167 purpose, 2 recommendations for, 10, 206 Fuel cell technology advantages of, 128-129 current technology, 8, 129 demonstration projects, 155 DOE R&D, 2, 188 efficiency, 128-129 federal R & D funding, 29n, 30 prospects for development, 188- 189 recommendations, 195 technical challenges, 188 technological basis, 128, 129 See also Integrated gasification fuel cell systems Future of coal use advanced power systems and, 7-8 advanced research programs and, 163, 173 alternative strategic scenarios, 65, 68 combustion turbine technology, 138 determinants of, 1, 3, 19-20, 25, 38, 41 DOE and, 21-22 emission control technologies, 146, 190-191 environmental issues in, 56-62 fluidized bed combustion systems, 124 gasification technology and, recommendation for, 11-13 integrated gasification combined-cycle systems, 126-127 integrated gasification fuel cell systems, 131-132 magnetohydrodynamic power generation, 133-134 planning horizons, 1, 5-6, 22-23, 38, 64, 179-180 projected electricity demand, 43-46 pulverized coal combustion systems, 119 strategic planning assumptions, 3-5, 22 23, 61, 64-65 technological developments needed, 85 INDEX G Gas cleanup technologies, 8 air-blown systems in, 11, 90-91, 92 in coal gasification systems, 89-91, 92, 93, 187 in combustion turbine systems, 136 development needs, 194 for fluidized bed combustion systems, 123, 187, 194 in gas turbine systems, 168, 171, 183, 188 nitrogen oxide removal, 139, 192 recommendations, 9-10, 195 sulfur dioxide removal, 139, 192 Gas turbine technology advanced systems, research goals fort 167 coal gasification technology and, 168169, 189 current R&D programs, 2, 137-138 current technology, 8, 134-135, 187 demonstration projects, 154 development challenges and opportunities, 135-137, 168, 188189 efficiency and projected efficiency, 135 136 137 183. 188 , , emissions, 135 heat exchanger research, 170 hot gas cleanup systems in, 168, 171, 183 importance of, 167 for integrated gasification combinedcycle systems, 124, 126 materials R&D for, 168-169 metallurgy, 136-137 prospects for, 138, 173, 187-188, 193 recommendations, 9-10, 195 technological basis, 134 Gasification systems challenges to development, 91-93, 163164 current R&D programs, 34-35, 93-95, 197 current technology, 86-89, 109 development history, 86 Read the entire page →
From page 285... ... systems, 6, 7 advantages of, 124, 126- 127 current R&D programs, 126 current technology, 125 demonstration projects, 154 development challenges and opportunities, 126 economics of, 12, 50, 126, 127 efficiency, 126, 182, 183, 187-188 electrical power system components, 113 emission control technology, 139, 141 143, 145, 146, 192 gas cleanup technologies and, 9-10 gasification technology and, 89-91 process, 124 prospects for, 126-127 R&D funding, 32 recommendations, 9-10, 10, 11-13, 195 Integrated gasification fuel cell (IGFC) systems advantages, 9, 129- 130 current R&D programs, 131 current technology, 129- 130 development challenges and opportunities, 8, 130-131 economics, 130-131, 132 efficiency and projected efficiencies, 7, 9, 130, 182, 183, 188 prospects for, 131-132, 188, 193 See also Fuel cell technology J Japan, 24, 39 Read the entire page →
From page 286... ... 286 Liquefaction of coal L coal catalysis and, 165-166 coal cleaning for, 181 coal pyrolysis and, 105-106 coproduct system, 5 decline in research activity, 165, 199 direct methods, 11, 12, 102-105, 108109, 166, 199-200, 202 DOE R&D, 35, 56, 203 economics, 11-12, 103, 104, 110-111, 158, 196, 199-200, 202 efficiency, 11, 196, 202 emission controls in production process. 196 in EPACT provisions, 14-15, 234-235 federal R & D support, 27-28 indirect method, 11-12, 108 long-term planning, 5 by pyrolysis, 200 R&D needs, 202 recommendations, 12-13, 203 strategic planning assumptions, 4 systems, 11-12 for transportation fuels, 35, 202 Liquefied natural gas, 50-51 Low-emission boiler systems, 193 efficiency, 7, 182, 187 in pulverized coal systems, 115-117, 118, 119, 155 recommendations, 8, 195 M Magnetohydrodynamic power generation current technology, 132-133 development challenges, 133 efficiency, 133, 189 in EPACT provisions, 234 prospects for, 133-134, 189 research, 14, 32, 133-134, 189 technological basis, 132 Materials research, 167 gas turbine systems, 167-169, 173 heat exchangers, 169-171 inorganic membranes, 171 -172, 202 thermal barrier coatings, 169 INDEX Membrane R&D, 171-172, 173 Mercury, 144, 190, 252 Methane in coal gasification, 92, 198 coalbed release/recovery, 59n, 59-60, 81 -84, 173, 181, 182, 232-233 as greenhouse gas, 82 Methanol, coal-derived, 98-100, 198 Molten carbonate fuel cells, 129, 130-131, 193 Morgantown Energy Technology Center, 13, 109, 204 N National Coal Council, 155, 156, 205-206 National Energy Strategy report, 28 Natural gas advantages in electrical generation, 4 alternative strategic scenarios, 65, 68 in cogeneration systems, 106-107 EPACT provisions, 297 greenhouse emissions policy and, 29 projected costs, 1, 4 projections for demand and availability, 47-50, 61 R&D activities, 9 total use of, for energy production, 19 See also Synthetic natural gas New Source Performance Standards, 7, 189, 248, 249, 250, 254 Nitrogen oxides, 4 from coal combustion, 60 in coal gas-phase chemistry, 164 combustion turbine emissions, 135, 136 development needs for control of, 194 DOE emission goals, 6, 145 in electrical power generation, 139 emission control technologies, 58, 139, 140-141, 250 environmental regulation, 56, 58 fluidized bed combustion emissions, 120, 123-124 fuel cell systems emissions, 128 in photochemical ozone, 56n, 250-251 pulverized coal systems emissions, 117 Read the entire page →
From page 287... ... , 120-121, 122-123, 124 demonstration projects, 154 economic performance, 50 efficiency, 7, 182, 183, 187 emission control technology, 139, 141, 142-143, 144, 145, 146, 192 funding, 34 future of, 7 gas cleanup technologies and, 10 recommendations, 10 solid waste from, 192 technological status, 8-9 Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act of 1979, 42 Pulverized coal systems advanced systems in CCT demonstration projects, 155 current R&D programs, 115-118 current technology, 114- 115 efficiency and potential efficiency, 114115, 119, 155, 183 287 power generation process, 114 prospects for improvement, 119 technical challenges, 118-119 PyGas_ gasification system, 93, 95 Pyrolysis of coal, 105- 106, 158 direct liquefaction by, 200 research needs, 164 R RDD&C programs advanced research programs, 207 DOE coal programs, 2 EPACT provisions, 228-230 in EPACT provisions for coal, 20 future of coal use and, 19-20 recommendations for, 5-6, 180 strategic planning scenarios, 64-65, 6871 systems analysis in, 13, 204-205 Renewable energy, 52-53, 61 Repowering economic decision-making, 50 fluidized bed combustion systems for, 123 international technology markets, 40 projected electricity capacity and, 46 S Solar energy, 52 Solid oxide fuel cell, 129 Solid waste management, 5, 139-140, 191, 192, 194, 195-196, 254 Sulfur dioxide, 4 DOE emission goals, 6, 145 electrical power generation emissions, 139 emission control technologies, 58, 139, 140, 141-142 environmental regulations, 56, 57 fluidized bed combustion emissions, 123-124 management trends, 248-249 Supercritical steam units, 114- 115 Synthetic fuels private sector research and development, 23-24 Read the entire page →
From page 288... ... 288 strategic planning assumptions, 4 Synthetic Fuels Corporation, 27 Synthetic natural gas, 11 commercial prospects, 98, 197-198, 202 DOE R&D, 35 production of, 97-98, 110 recommendations, 203 Systems analysis, 13-14, 203-205 T Technology transfer, 238-242 Tennessee Eastern syngas-to-chemicals plant, 24 Thermal barrier coatings, 169 THERMIE program, 24-25 Transportation fuels, coal-based cost estimates, 35-36 INDEX direct liquefaction of coal for, 102-103 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products, 100, 199 methanol derived from coal gasification as, 98-99 R&D, 35 U Utility financing, 35-36 W Wastewater treatment, coal in, 56 Water quality concerns, 253 Wind energy, 52 World Bank, 41 World coal use, trends in, 1 Read the entire page →

From page 277...

... Index A Acid rain, 56-57, 251 Advanced Clean/Efficient Power Systems, 2 budget, 30-32, 160-161, 197 EPACT and, 14, 209 R&D activities and goals, 3, 6-7, 197, 207 Advanced Clean Fuels program, 2-3 budget, 3, 30-32, 106 coal cleaning research in, 77 goals, 3 Advanced fuel systems demonstration projects, 157-158 DOE RD&D activities, 34, 35, 36, 196 opportunities for development, 163-164 Advanced power systems demonstration projects, 258-262 DOE cost and efficiency projections, 183-186 DOE RD&D program, 34-36 efficiency classifications, 7, 182-183, 186- 189 Baseload emissions control goals, 145, 189-191 definition, 46 export market, 40-41 gas cleanup technology and, 9-10, 193 potential efficiencies, 144-145 277 prospects for innovation, 173 pulverized coal, 115- 117 R&D funding, 10-11, 34, 43, 195 recommendations, 6-11, 194-195 research goals, 34-36, 113-114, 152, 162-163 solid waste products, 145-146 systems analysis of, 13, 203-204 Advanced Research and Energy Technology, 160- 161 Advanced Research and Technology Development biotechnology research, 166 budge! ;, 30, 106, 160-161 coal cleaning research in, 77, 78 purpose and structure, 3 Advanced Turbine Systems program, 137 Alkylation coprocessing, 166 Atmospheric fluidized-bed combustion, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124 B projected requirements, 61 Biomass energy production, 52 Bioprocessing research, 166-167

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From page 278...

... 278 Bitumen, 53-54, 62 Brayton cycle, 134 C Capital cost learning curve, 151 Carbon dioxide, 4, 5 emission control technologies, 59, 144145, 190, 192, 194 emissions goals, 29 global warming concerns, 58, 252-253 international agreements, 58-59 marketability of power generation systems and, 187 recommendations for R&D, 196 Catalysis research, 165- 167 Ceramic heat exchangers, 8, 117, 118 advantages, 169 current research activity, 170- 171 disadvantages, 169, 170 for EFCC systems, 169 prospects for innovation, 173 Ceramic membranes, 171-172, 173 Chemicals industry, 55-56 China, 1, 3, 33, 157 coal export potential, 39 new construction for electricity generation, 40 pollution controls, 41 retrofit of power-generatin~ facilities, 40 Clean Air Act, 56, 57, 248 Clean Coal Technologies RD&D Program Plan, 34 Clean Coal Technology (CCT) program budget, 2 Clean Coal Technologies RD&D Program Plan vs., 34 coal gasification programs, 93 coal-water slurry projects, 81 commercialization activities, 14, 158, 205-206 commercialization goals, 151-152 cost and risk sharing in, 2, 151-152, 156 current status, 2 demonstration projects, 32, 89, 152155, 157-158, 258-262 INDEX EPACT and, 32-33, 235, 238-242 export market, 40 funding, 24, 28, 32, 36 future of, 155- 157 goals, 2, 3, 28, 36, 150 international activities, 32-33, 156- 157 patent rights, 152 PFBC demonstration, 121 recommendations for, 10-11, 206 technology transfer activities, 238-242 Clean Water Act, 253 Climate Change Action Plan, 29, 82, 83 Coal cleaning coal liquefaction and, 181 current R&D programs, 77-78, 181 current technology, 77, 181 definition, 75, 180 development history, 76-77 DOE activity, 77-78, 79 as export technology, 78-79 prospects for innovation, 78-79, 181 for pulverized coal power generation systems, 114 purpose of, 75 recommendations regarding, 182 steps in, 75-76 Coal-liquid mixtures commercial prospects, 81 current R&D programs, 80-81, 181 current technology, 80, 181 definition, 7 development history, 79-80 economics of, 79, 80 EPACT provisions, 243-244 prospects for innovation, 181 recommendation regarding, 182 Coal-oil mixtures, 79 Coal production coal cleaning technologies, 75-79 demonstrated reserve base, 3-4, 19, 46 domestic economy and, 39 for industrial use, 54-55 methane release/recovery in, 59n, 5960, 81-84, 173, 182, 232-233 trends in, 39 Coal refinery concept, 106, 109, 111, 200201

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From page 279...

... ,~ . Decency of power generation systems and, 187, 193 as element of Clean Coal Technology program, 14, 28, 32, 34, 205-206 EPACT requirements, l5O, 205, 209 fluidized-bed combustion technologies, 121, 122 hydrogen derived from coal gasification process, 96, 11O, 197, 202 integrated gasification fuel cell systems, 130 methanol derived from coal gasification, prospects for, 98-100 obstacles to, 150-151 as R&D investment criterion, 195 recommendations, 10-11, 206 synthetic natural gas, 97, 98 Coproduction systems, 5, 11-12 coal liquefaction and, 12-13, 200 coal refinery concept and, 201 cogeneration, 106-107 commercial prospects, 111, 202 direct liquefaction and, 108-109 DOE R&D, 109, 111, 209 efficiency, 197 EPACT requirements, 209 indirect liquefaction and, 108 projected capacity, 44 recommendations for, 13, 203 regulatory environment, 43 types of, 106 D Demonstration projects advanced emission control systems, 153-154

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From page 280...

... coal market, trends in, 39-40 ~ or. ~ ~ nTnc~enc~es advanced power systems, 7, 8, 9 carbon dioxide emissions and, 59, 190 classification of power generating systems, 7, 182-183 coal cleaning for, 75 coal-fired power plants, 144 combustion turbine technology, 135, 136, 137 coproduction systems, 197 current technologies, 186- 189 fluidized bed combustion, 120, 123, 154, 183 fuel cell technology, 128-129 gasification systems, 90-91, 92, 197 integrated gasification combined-cycle systems, 126, 182, 183

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From page 281...

... INDEX integrated gasification fuel cell systems, 130, 182 liquefaction systems, 11 magnetohydrodynamic power generation, 133 natural gas-fired advanced turbine systems, 167 power generation goals, 6, 183-186 projected electricity demand and, 44 prospects for improving, 144-145, 183186, 192-193 in pulverized coal power generation systems, 114-115, 119, 155, 183 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) , 24,43,76 Electrical power generation advantages of natural gas, 4 alternative strategic scenarios, 65, 68 coal consumption for, 4, 19, 38, 41 coal waste products, 60, 254 combustion turbine technology, 134-135 efficiency, 6, 7, 144 emission control goals, 6-7 emission control technology, 138-143 environmental concerns, 60, 61-62 EPACT coal provisions, 231 financial environment, 35-36 fluidized bed combustion systems, 119121 fuel cell systems, 128-130 future scenarios, 22-23 global trends, 40 integrated gasification combined-cycle systems for, 124-125 magnetohydrodynamic systems for, 132-133 new technology development, 42-43 non-utility generators, 42, 44 percentage of use of fuel sources for, 19 private sector research and development, 24 projected demand, 43-44, 61 projected demand for coal, 46-47, 50 projected demand for liquefied natural gas, 50-51 projected demand for nuclear power, 51-52 281 projected demand for oil, 51 projected natural gas utilization, 47-50, 61 projected new capacity requirements, 44-46 pulverized coal systems, 114-115, 119, 155, 183 recommendations for DOE R&D, 8-9, 180 regulatory trends, 41-43, 60-62, 254 255 rehabilitation and retrofit for, 40, 46, 50, 123 renewable energy in, 52-53 research and development efforts, 113 114 source of pollutants in, 138, 139 state regulatory trends, 60-61, 254-255 strategic planning assumptions, 4, 5, 61 technology export market, 4, 40-41 See also Advanced power systems; Coproduction systems Electromagnetic field exposure, 255 Electrostatic precipitator, 138-139 Emission controls for acid deposition, 251 in advanced power systems, 8-9, 153 154 air quality standards, 248-251 air tonics, 251-252 alternative strategic scenarios, 65, 68 bioprocessing techniques, 166- 167 for carbon dioxide, 59, 144-145, 190, 192, 194 CCT demonstration projects, 153- 154 coal preparation, 75, 76, 78 coal-related-technology exports and, 40-41, 62 coalbed methane recovery, 81-84, 173, 181 for combustion turbine emissions, 135, 136 costs, 140, 141, 145 current technology, 56, 57-58, 140- 143 development challenges and opportunities, 143-145, 190-191 development needs, 191-192

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From page 282...

... 282 DOE R&D, 6-7, 141, 144, 145-146, 189-190 DOE strategic objectives, 189-190, 194 effectiveness, 140-143 electromagnetic field exposure, 255 externality adders, 254-255 flue gas desulfurization, 10, 139, 140, 144, 192 for fuel cell technologies, 128, 129 future of coal use and, 1, 19, 61-62 global warming concerns, 58-59, 62, 252-253 for heavy metals, 144 in integrated gasification combinedcycle systems, 138-139, 141-143, 145, 146 international activities, 24-25, 41 long-term considerations, 190-191 marketability of power generation systems and, 187, 193 membrane materials research, 171-172 for mercury emissions, 144, 190, 252 for noncriteria pollutants, 144, 190 for particulate matter, 249-250 plant siting issues, 254-255 in pressurized fluidized-bed combustion, 138-139, 141, 142-143, 144, 145, 146 prospects for, 146, 194 recommendations, 6, 195-196 regulatory trends, 56-57, 58-59, 60-61, 62, 189-190, 254-255 salable by-products from, 143, 146 selective catalytic reduction, 140-141 solid waste, 139- 140, 143- 144, 145146, 191, 192, 194, 195-196, 254 strategic planning assessment criteria 70 strategic planning assumptions, 4, S 61 -62 technical basis, 138- 139 water quality standards, 253 See also specific pollutant Energy, Department of (DOE) advanced power systems R&D, 7-8, 192-193, 194-195 bioprocessing of coal, research in, 166 INDEX budget data, 246-247 Clean Coal Technologies Research, Development, and Demonstration Program Plan, 34-36 coal catalysis research, 165 coal cleaning R&D, 77-78, 79, 181 coal gasification programs, 93, 95, 106, 201-202, 203 coal liquefaction programs, 12-13, 14 15, 165, 182, 203 coal-liquid mixtures R&D, 80-81, 182 coal program, 2-3, 75 coal program objectives, recommendations for, 5-6, 208, 219 coal program trends, 27-29, 36 coal refinery and coproduction programs, 109, 111, 209 coal refinery studies, 201 Coal Strategic Plan, 22, 34 coalbed methane recovery programs, 82-83, 182 combustion turbine research, 137-138 cross-cutting activities, 25, 34, 36, 160 161, 190 demonstration and commercialization activities, 150, 151, 205-206 direct liquefaction research, 103, 104, 105 efficiency goals for advanced power systems, 183-186 electric utility deregulation and, 42 electrical power generation R&D, 113 114 emission control targets, 6-7, 192 emission control technology research, 141, 144, 145-146, 194 EPACT compliance by, 14-15, 33, 208 219, 225-227 EPACT provisions for, 1, 5, 21-22, 150, 223-225, 228-245 fluidized bed combustion research, 120, 121, 122, 124 IGCC systems research, 126, 127 information management on coal related technology, 209, 219, 244 integrated gasification fuel cell research, 131-132

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From page 283...

... European Union, 24-25 Export/import markets, 4 clean coal technology transfer, 238-242 coal-exporting countries, 38-39 coal-importing countries, 39 coal preparation technology, 78-79 coal utilization technology, 40-41, 62 efficiency of power generation systems and, 187, 193 electrical generation technologies, 4, 40-41 EPACT provisions, 156-157, 235-238, 238-242, 244 global competition, 39, 40 imported coal costs, 39 projected natural gas, 49 projections for coal, 4 U.S. coal exports, 39-40 Externality adders, 254-255 Externally-fired combined-cycle systems, 7, 115, 117, 155, 169, 170, 173, 182 F Fischer-Tropsch process, 11 - 12, 96, 100 102, 199 Fixed-bed gasification, 86, 88-89 Fluidized bed processes, 86, 88, 89, 91, 99, 119-121 current programs, 121 current technology, 121 development challenges and opportunities, 122-124, 187 efficiency, 120, 123, 154, 197 prospects for, 124, 197 Fossil Energy Research and Development (DOE)

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From page 284...

... 284 demonstration projects, 152, 154, 155, 158-159, 205, 206 gas turbine research, 167 purpose, 2 recommendations for, 10, 206 Fuel cell technology advantages of, 128-129 current technology, 8, 129 demonstration projects, 155 DOE R&D, 2, 188 efficiency, 128-129 federal R & D funding, 29n, 30 prospects for development, 188- 189 recommendations, 195 technical challenges, 188 technological basis, 128, 129 See also Integrated gasification fuel cell systems Future of coal use advanced power systems and, 7-8 advanced research programs and, 163, 173 alternative strategic scenarios, 65, 68 combustion turbine technology, 138 determinants of, 1, 3, 19-20, 25, 38, 41 DOE and, 21-22 emission control technologies, 146, 190-191 environmental issues in, 56-62 fluidized bed combustion systems, 124 gasification technology and, recommendation for, 11-13 integrated gasification combined-cycle systems, 126-127 integrated gasification fuel cell systems, 131-132 magnetohydrodynamic power generation, 133-134 planning horizons, 1, 5-6, 22-23, 38, 64, 179-180 projected electricity demand, 43-46 pulverized coal combustion systems, 119 strategic planning assumptions, 3-5, 22 23, 61, 64-65 technological developments needed, 85 INDEX G Gas cleanup technologies, 8 air-blown systems in, 11, 90-91, 92 in coal gasification systems, 89-91, 92, 93, 187 in combustion turbine systems, 136 development needs, 194 for fluidized bed combustion systems, 123, 187, 194 in gas turbine systems, 168, 171, 183, 188 nitrogen oxide removal, 139, 192 recommendations, 9-10, 195 sulfur dioxide removal, 139, 192 Gas turbine technology advanced systems, research goals fort 167 coal gasification technology and, 168169, 189 current R&D programs, 2, 137-138 current technology, 8, 134-135, 187 demonstration projects, 154 development challenges and opportunities, 135-137, 168, 188189 efficiency and projected efficiency, 135 136 137 183. 188 , , emissions, 135 heat exchanger research, 170 hot gas cleanup systems in, 168, 171, 183 importance of, 167 for integrated gasification combinedcycle systems, 124, 126 materials R&D for, 168-169 metallurgy, 136-137 prospects for, 138, 173, 187-188, 193 recommendations, 9-10, 195 technological basis, 134 Gasification systems challenges to development, 91-93, 163164 current R&D programs, 34-35, 93-95, 197 current technology, 86-89, 109 development history, 86

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From page 285...

... systems, 6, 7 advantages of, 124, 126- 127 current R&D programs, 126 current technology, 125 demonstration projects, 154 development challenges and opportunities, 126 economics of, 12, 50, 126, 127 efficiency, 126, 182, 183, 187-188 electrical power system components, 113 emission control technology, 139, 141 143, 145, 146, 192 gas cleanup technologies and, 9-10 gasification technology and, 89-91 process, 124 prospects for, 126-127 R&D funding, 32 recommendations, 9-10, 10, 11-13, 195 Integrated gasification fuel cell (IGFC) systems advantages, 9, 129- 130 current R&D programs, 131 current technology, 129- 130 development challenges and opportunities, 8, 130-131 economics, 130-131, 132 efficiency and projected efficiencies, 7, 9, 130, 182, 183, 188 prospects for, 131-132, 188, 193 See also Fuel cell technology J Japan, 24, 39

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From page 286...

... 286 Liquefaction of coal L coal catalysis and, 165-166 coal cleaning for, 181 coal pyrolysis and, 105-106 coproduct system, 5 decline in research activity, 165, 199 direct methods, 11, 12, 102-105, 108109, 166, 199-200, 202 DOE R&D, 35, 56, 203 economics, 11-12, 103, 104, 110-111, 158, 196, 199-200, 202 efficiency, 11, 196, 202 emission controls in production process. 196 in EPACT provisions, 14-15, 234-235 federal R & D support, 27-28 indirect method, 11-12, 108 long-term planning, 5 by pyrolysis, 200 R&D needs, 202 recommendations, 12-13, 203 strategic planning assumptions, 4 systems, 11-12 for transportation fuels, 35, 202 Liquefied natural gas, 50-51 Low-emission boiler systems, 193 efficiency, 7, 182, 187 in pulverized coal systems, 115-117, 118, 119, 155 recommendations, 8, 195 M Magnetohydrodynamic power generation current technology, 132-133 development challenges, 133 efficiency, 133, 189 in EPACT provisions, 234 prospects for, 133-134, 189 research, 14, 32, 133-134, 189 technological basis, 132 Materials research, 167 gas turbine systems, 167-169, 173 heat exchangers, 169-171 inorganic membranes, 171 -172, 202 thermal barrier coatings, 169 INDEX Membrane R&D, 171-172, 173 Mercury, 144, 190, 252 Methane in coal gasification, 92, 198 coalbed release/recovery, 59n, 59-60, 81 -84, 173, 181, 182, 232-233 as greenhouse gas, 82 Methanol, coal-derived, 98-100, 198 Molten carbonate fuel cells, 129, 130-131, 193 Morgantown Energy Technology Center, 13, 109, 204 N National Coal Council, 155, 156, 205-206 National Energy Strategy report, 28 Natural gas advantages in electrical generation, 4 alternative strategic scenarios, 65, 68 in cogeneration systems, 106-107 EPACT provisions, 297 greenhouse emissions policy and, 29 projected costs, 1, 4 projections for demand and availability, 47-50, 61 R&D activities, 9 total use of, for energy production, 19 See also Synthetic natural gas New Source Performance Standards, 7, 189, 248, 249, 250, 254 Nitrogen oxides, 4 from coal combustion, 60 in coal gas-phase chemistry, 164 combustion turbine emissions, 135, 136 development needs for control of, 194 DOE emission goals, 6, 145 in electrical power generation, 139 emission control technologies, 58, 139, 140-141, 250 environmental regulation, 56, 58 fluidized bed combustion emissions, 120, 123-124 fuel cell systems emissions, 128 in photochemical ozone, 56n, 250-251 pulverized coal systems emissions, 117

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From page 287...

... , 120-121, 122-123, 124 demonstration projects, 154 economic performance, 50 efficiency, 7, 182, 183, 187 emission control technology, 139, 141, 142-143, 144, 145, 146, 192 funding, 34 future of, 7 gas cleanup technologies and, 10 recommendations, 10 solid waste from, 192 technological status, 8-9 Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act of 1979, 42 Pulverized coal systems advanced systems in CCT demonstration projects, 155 current R&D programs, 115-118 current technology, 114- 115 efficiency and potential efficiency, 114115, 119, 155, 183 287 power generation process, 114 prospects for improvement, 119 technical challenges, 118-119 PyGas_ gasification system, 93, 95 Pyrolysis of coal, 105- 106, 158 direct liquefaction by, 200 research needs, 164 R RDD&C programs advanced research programs, 207 DOE coal programs, 2 EPACT provisions, 228-230 in EPACT provisions for coal, 20 future of coal use and, 19-20 recommendations for, 5-6, 180 strategic planning scenarios, 64-65, 6871 systems analysis in, 13, 204-205 Renewable energy, 52-53, 61 Repowering economic decision-making, 50 fluidized bed combustion systems for, 123 international technology markets, 40 projected electricity capacity and, 46 S Solar energy, 52 Solid oxide fuel cell, 129 Solid waste management, 5, 139-140, 191, 192, 194, 195-196, 254 Sulfur dioxide, 4 DOE emission goals, 6, 145 electrical power generation emissions, 139 emission control technologies, 58, 139, 140, 141-142 environmental regulations, 56, 57 fluidized bed combustion emissions, 123-124 management trends, 248-249 Supercritical steam units, 114- 115 Synthetic fuels private sector research and development, 23-24

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From page 288...

... 288 strategic planning assumptions, 4 Synthetic Fuels Corporation, 27 Synthetic natural gas, 11 commercial prospects, 98, 197-198, 202 DOE R&D, 35 production of, 97-98, 110 recommendations, 203 Systems analysis, 13-14, 203-205 T Technology transfer, 238-242 Tennessee Eastern syngas-to-chemicals plant, 24 Thermal barrier coatings, 169 THERMIE program, 24-25 Transportation fuels, coal-based cost estimates, 35-36 INDEX direct liquefaction of coal for, 102-103 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products, 100, 199 methanol derived from coal gasification as, 98-99 R&D, 35 U Utility financing, 35-36 W Wastewater treatment, coal in, 56 Water quality concerns, 253 Wind energy, 52 World Bank, 41 World coal use, trends in, 1

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INDEX Pages 277-288

INDEX
Pages 277-288