Ward Valley An Examination of Seven Issues in Earth Sciences and Ecology (1995) / Chapter Skim
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APPENDIX D - GLOSSARY OF TERMS
APPENDIX D - GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Pages 219-224
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From page 219... ...
Sea level is called We ultimate base level. batholith- a large mass of hardened molten rock with more than 100 km2 of surface exposure wig no Clown lower limit berm- a relatively narrow horizontal man-made shelf, ledge, or bench which breaks Me continuity of a slope breccia- a coarse-grained rock composed of angular rock fragments held together by mineral cement brittle deformation - deflation in which rocks behave Baggy, by cracking and breaking, when a force or stress is applied caliche- secondary calcareous material found In layers on or near the surface In and and semi-and regions, composed of soluble calcium salts wig varying amounts of gravel, silt, clay, and sand, a carbonate layer produced by soil fonning (pedogenic)
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From page 220... ...
. Of the same age, having formed at the same time In the geologic past crust ~e outermost layer of the earn crustal extension - pulling apart of the outermost layer of the Earths surface as a result of strain crystalline rock - a rock consisting wholly of relatively large mineral grains, refers generally to highly metamorphosed rocks Darcy's Law - a formula for calculating the rate of flow of fluids through a matrix of soil or porous rock on the assumption that flow is laminar and that inertia caI1 be neglected deep soil water flux - deep percolation of water In the unsaturated zone deformation - the process of folding, faulting, shearing, compression, or extension of rocks as a result of earn forces deposition/ sedimentation the process of accumulation of loose rock matenal into layers or masses on Me earths surface above or below the sea
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From page 221... ...
or gypsum evapotranspiration - loss of water from a land area through transpiration by plants and evaporation from the soil extension flux fold ground water a strain term signifying pulling apart the crust result~ng in an increase in length the rate of water movement Trough He unsaturated zone, regardless of direction a curve or bend of a rock strata or other planar feature resulting from explosive volcanic activity Eat pulverizes rock as it blasts it out of the volcano subsurface water located in the saturated zone below He water table
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From page 222... ...
Be crust which underlies the ocean basins; mainly basalt, a dark, dense rock, low in silica and aluminum, high in iron and magnesium osmotic potential - Me energy required to remove dissolved salts from soil water a buried soil horizon of the geologic past oceanic crust paleoso} perched water accumulated water trapped in the unsaturated zone by either some impermeable layer or some structural feature
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From page 223... ...
2 - site as a result of meteorologic and hydrologic conditions preferential flow - movement of water downward through the unsaturated zone, along non uniformly distributed pathways Proterozoic - the period of time before the Cambrian period, prior to macroscopic life recharge - the process of adding water to the saturated zone regional uplift - large-scale, long-term upward movement of an area of the crust relief- Me vertical difference in elevation between hilltops or mountain summits and lowlands or valleys In a particular area. An area of high relief has great vertical variation and an area of low relief has little variation in elevation.
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From page 224... ...
water not confined by pressure beneath impermeable rocks unsaturated zone - a subsurface zone including the soil that may contain water under pressure less shall Mat of the atmosphere, including water held by capillary forces; it is the zone above the water table vadose zone - another term for unsaturated zone volcanism - the processes by which magma and its associated gases rise into the cast and are extruded onto the surface as lava flows and into Atmosphere water table - the surface between the saturated zone and He unsaturated zone, the uppermost part of ground water water table divide - a ridge or elevated zone In the water table from which ground water moves away in bow directions .
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