Emerging Needs and Opportunities for Human Factors Research (1995) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2 Training and Education
2 Training and Education
Pages 86-105
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 86... ...
Van Cott INTRODUCTION This chapter focuses on the relationship between job-oriented training and human factors research. The underlying premise is that human factors research can help solve some of the difficult problems confronted by the people who design, develop, and manage training programs and who deliver training services to trainees.
|
From page 87... ...
and others are correct when they call for new forms of training such as a "cognitive apprenticeship," which would somehow make the mental procedures and decision processes of exemplary performers "visible" so that others might learn from them. Changing Workforce Demographics and Changing National Patterns Similar concerns are expressed about the changing demographics of the workforce.
|
From page 88... ...
lists several training and development issues that will arise from the "age wave" of older workers, including the need to recognize and emphasize the contributions that older employees can make at all levels of the organization. It will be incumbent on the employer organization to provide effective training and retraining programs for these older workers.
|
From page 89... ...
Changes instituted by organizations include decentralizing and flattening organizational structures, establishing work teams, pushing decision-making responsibilities downward throughout the organization, and streamlining the management ranks through the elimination of middle- and lower-level managers. Flattened organizational structures reduce the hierarchical flow of information and should accelerate decision making.
|
From page 90... ...
Human factors researchers are fortunate to have several such models from which to choose. One was generated in the 1980s when the Army developed the policies, procedures, and tools to more fully integrate the inclusion of manpower, personnel, training, systems safety, health hazards, and human factors engineering trade-offs into the design of systems (Booher, 1990)
|
From page 91... ...
Building Bridges Between Theory and Practice A major research issue related to designing and implementing effective training is closing the gap between (1) theory and research and (2)
|
From page 92... ...
CSERIAC's principal products and services include technical advice and assistance; customized bibliographies; written reviews, analyses, and assessments; workshops, conferences, symposia, and short courses; and special studies. The challenge to the human factors community is to devise, evaluate, and perfect ways to transfer the methods, data, and principles of humancentered design into the procedures used by training system designers and managers.
|
From page 93... ...
(1992) , who presented a theoretically based model of training evaluation in an attempt to link evaluation to learning objectives and provide a more conceptual framework for evaluation.
|
From page 94... ...
that a person must have to perform a task and job effectively. These SKAs formed a database called qualitative and quantitative personnel requirements information, which was used to forecast manpower, human factors engineering, and training needs for new systems.
|
From page 95... ...
Specific Research Projects and Programs Two major studies conducted recently document the increasing importance accorded to fundamental workplace skills. One comprehensive study was a joint two-year project of the American Society for Training and Development and the U.S.
|
From page 96... ...
In addition to training, other interventions to improve team effectiveness include team building, job redesign, and group incentive programs. In designing training programs, team-building interventions, and other programs for complex systems, human factors researchers are in a unique position to assist in developing information on the relationship between team processes and team performance over time and on the relationship between task type, stage of team development, and team performance.
|
From page 97... ...
Research in cognitive psychology has also highlighted shortcomings in traditional approaches to teaching. Cognitive psychology focuses on how learning occurs by addressing ways the human mind processes and uses information.
|
From page 98... ...
Consistently high quality in such aids for training program managers might be obtained if a properly authorized organization were to sponsor rigorous evaluations of new products before these products were released to the market. Engineering Applications A key human factors research issue concerning the use of simulation technology in training programs is fidelity.
|
From page 99... ...
However, the need for a comprehensive body of data on the behavioral principles and methods for determining the effectiveness of fidelity persists. Despite assertions by human factors specialists that physical fidelity and psychological fidelity may not be equivalent -- and in the absence of any empirical data to support their view -- simulator manufacturers have increased simulation fidelity as fast as they were paid to do it and the developing new technology allowed.
|
From page 100... ...
The SIMNET concept appears to be generalizable to other education and training domains that have geographically dispersed workers. Virtual reality, sometimes called cyberspace or augmented reality, is the experience of perceiving and interacting through sensors and effectors in a computer-modeled and computer-generated environment.
|
From page 101... ...
Among the issues that could benefit from human factors research, the highest priorities should be given to the design and evaluation of complex training systems and the design and application of learning technologies. Human factors scientists can add to the understanding of these issues by analyzing existing data, synthesizing such data across multiple studies, and conducting new empirical studies.
|
From page 102... ...
Furthermore, the usual cure for such a noisy research environment, multiple trials, is out of bounds in the real-world settings in which impact research must be conducted. A closely related problem that must be pursued at a basic level of research is how to specify skill requirements for specific jobs.
|
From page 103... ...
Salas 1990 Cognitive Psychology and Team Training: Shared Mental Models in Complex Systems. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Miami, Fla.
|
From page 104... ...
In Lifelong Engineering Education, Proceedings from a Symposium of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, IVA Rapport 365, Stockholm, Sweden. Morris, N.M., and W.B.
|
From page 105... ...
Huey, eds. 1992 Human Factors Specialists' Education and Utilization: Results of a Survey.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.