Evolving the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative to Support the Nation's Information Infrastructure (1995) / Chapter Skim
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U.S. Leadership in Information Technology
U.S. Leadership in Information Technology
Pages 13-27
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From page 13... ...
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IS CENTRAL TO OUR SOCIETY Computers affect our lives enormously. We use them directly for everyday tasks such as making an airline reservation, getting money from an automated teller machine, or writing a report on a word processor.
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From page 14... ...
With continued investment, we can sustain this rate of progress for at least the next decade. Such rapid improvement is possible because of the nature of information and of the technologies required to process it: integrated circuits, storage devices, and communications systems (Box l.1~.
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From page 15... ...
,at the.'h.i:gh end' ' hat crea es:::' hesei:cap bil' ies.::: :~:'desktop workstation was:t'he:.s:upe'rcomp~'1er of a me'>e dec.a'd~e ago. '.T day's Ql i S 0 h ::probl ms' .:.: of l:arne-sŁale Parai:leiism will.'enable :us to.sol e' o' orro ' ss- arke Dr ble s 'of - hiD : ~' Rapid progress has produced successive waves of new companies in diverse areas related to information technology and its applications: integrated circuits, computer hardware, computer software, communications, embedded systems, robotics, video on demand, and others.
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From page 16... ...
Technical needs such as fire control and intelligence needs such as cryptography anti mission planning required great computing power. Since the early 1960s the federal government has invested more broadly in computing research, and these investments have profoundly affected how computers are made and used, contributed to the development of innovative ideas and training of key people, and led to the kinds of advances sampled in Table 1.1.
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From page 17... ...
and for sophisticated database systems (Box 1.41. TABLE 1.1 Some Successes of Government Funding of Computing and Communications Research Topic Goal Unanticipated Results Today Timesharing Let many people use Because many people kept their Even personal computers are a computer, each as work in one computer, they timeshared among multiple if it were his or her could easily share information.
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From page 18... ...
· Unanticipated results are often the most important results. information sharing is an unanticipated result of timesharing; what-you-see-is-what-you-get displays and hypermedia documents are unanticipated results of computer graphics; electronic mail is an unanticipated result of networking.
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From page 19... ...
: ' . : ' ': ' '' , Overall, the ARPA ::VLSI program was .
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From page 20... ...
/ ~e RAID \ Pf~Pffff~P~f~ \ P~Pf~fff~P`~P~f~J ~ ·~e _ ~ rJr~,~P~,~PJP~A&~,P`P~r~,~P~p='`r=~Jr.`rJr'~ _ - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Parallel computing 1965 1970 1975 Gov't research ' Illdus1ry research rr=~r, Transfer of ideas or people Slm, SGI, IBM, ~ Mcad/Conway, Mosis BerLdoy S - m,, Dat~nesh many miac 4' c.~, ~c IBM RP3, Intel CM-1, Teradata, T3D 1980 1985 1990 1994 lddus~ydevelopmcnt · · · $ lBbn~css | 1 FIGURE 1.2 Government-sponsored computing research and development stimulates creation of innovative ideas and industries. Dates apply to horizontal bars, but not to arrows showing transfer of ideas and people.
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From page 21... ...
· Even for clefense app1tications, supporting research on strategically motivated but broadly applicable computing and commur~ications technology has clearly been the right approach. In the past, many defense applications and requirements presaged commercial applications and requirements.
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From page 23... ...
Recent deregulation has encouraged a reduction of basic research at both AT&T and BelIcore. Lacking significant research capability at its individual service companies, the cable television industry depends on research done by its
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From page 24... ...
Thus, even though many private-sector organizations that have weighed in on one or more policy areas relating to the enhancement of information infrastructure typically argue for a minimal government role in commercialization, they tend to support a continuing federal presence in relevant basic research.6 2. It is hard to predict which new ideas anal approaches will succeed.
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From page 25... ...
7 Answering this question is part of a larger process of considering how to reorient overall federal spending on R&D from a context dominated by national security to one driven more by other economic and social goals. It is harder to achieve the kind of consensus needed to sustain federal research programs associated with these goals than it was under the national security aegis.
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From page 26... ...
National access to machines with 100 to 1,000 times the memory and speed of researchers' desktop machines allows them to make qualitative jumps to exploring frontier research problems of higher dimensionality, greater resolution, or more complexity than would otherwise be possible. Fundamental but strategic research under the HPCCI which now encompasses most of the academic computing research sponsored by the federal government creates a strong pull on the computer science and engineering research community, the user community, and the hardware, software, and telecommunications vendors.
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From page 27... ...
dependence on a healthy electronics industry and speaks of efforts to work with industry to "develop a roadmap for electronics that will illuminate gaps in government-sponsored research and infrastructure efforts," focusing on "information products that connect to infonnation networks' including the National Information Infrastructure (NII)
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