Improved Fire- and Smoke-Resistant Materials for Commercial Aircraft Interiors A Proceedings (1995) / Chapter Skim
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Chapter 5. Fire Tests and Hazard Evaluation
Chapter 5. Fire Tests and Hazard Evaluation
Pages 45-60
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From page 45... ...
In general, the process of evaluating the fire safety of materials and products should maintain the following attributes: material and product representation scenario representation, · scientific foundation, and sensitivity to scenario variables. 1, The last attribute is introduced because fire growth tends to be exponential in character, and changes in scenario variables can lead to significant differences in fire growth.
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From page 46... ...
The tolerance to each hazard must be quantitatively known and assessed against appropriate measures of hazard from the fire test of a material. In this paper, the relationship is examined principally for the fire hazards associated with people.
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From page 47... ...
Under ventilation-limited conditions, the resulting fire hazards may be more attributable to the fire conditions than to the fire growth on the product or material that promoted the fire condition. For this reason, the phenomenon of "flashover" in compartment fires needs to be considered as a distinct hazard event that can result in a ventilation-limited fire state.
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From page 49... ...
doorway (t = 0.33) Q ~ 1 000 kW Xco ~ 300 to 30,000 ppm ·v ~0.03to O.7m Ventilation limited fire following flashover (¢ ~ ~ less than or equal to stoichiomeiric mr)
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From page 50... ...
Ventiiation-Limited Fire For typical residential rooms, the contents and ventilation openings usually lead to the ven~cilation-limited fire state following flashover. Most combustible contents become involved, and the incomplete combustion state in the room leads to flame extensions to the surroundings and to greater burning rates and yields of soot and toxic products, such as carbon monoxide.
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From page 51... ...
Ignition Flame Spread Burning Rate Time to ignite depends on: I ignition temperature, 2.
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From page 52... ...
Time Is explicitly listed under burning rate to symbolize that the process is not steady and that the burning time is a significant factor in flammability. It is probably seen more clearly from these dependent factors that these components of flammability are independent although they are integrated in the process of fire growth.
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From page 53... ...
This lack of agreement among standard national test methods, intending to measure the flammability of a material, is well known. By examining the materials and the results, it can be observed that low density materials fall into Class 4, wood products fall into Class 3, thin wall coverings fall into Class 2, and plasterboard is in Class I
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From page 54... ...
Many test methods utilize a radiant heat source as the means to ignite and maintain flame spread and burning rate. The relationships between the test heat fluxes and the scenario need to be understood for the basis of a consistent hazard evaluation for materials.
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From page 55... ...
1 -2 0 2 4 6 Dimensionless Correlation Parameter, b FIGURE 4a Correlation of flashover times in the ISO Room-Corner Test (Quintiere et al., 1993~.
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From page 56... ...
. Figure 7 shows results using various apparatuses and sample holder procedures to measure the peak energy release rate per unit area for polystyrene and thermoses foam materials (Clearv and Ouintiere.
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From page 57... ...
~Nl8T CONE WIEDGE FRAIIdE · flU APPARATU8 · UL CONE CAL ~, , , . 0 1 2 3 4 5 Material ~7 8 ~10 80 FIGURE 7 Lack of reproducibility in energy release rate for polystyrene and thermoses foams at 50 kW/m2 irradiance (Clearly and Quintiere, 1991~.
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From page 58... ...
For square burners, the maximum flame heat flux is principally dependent on the energy release rate and roughly ranges from 40 to 120 kW/m2 for 50 to 500 kW. The ISO Room-Corner Test burner appears to have a nominal maximum heat flux of 60 kW/m2.
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From page 59... ...
1994. Burning Rate and Flame Heat Flux for PMMA in the Cone Calorimeter.
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