Improved Fire- and Smoke-Resistant Materials for Commercial Aircraft Interiors A Proceedings (1995) / Chapter Skim
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Chapter 2. Airplane Accidents and Fires
Chapter 2. Airplane Accidents and Fires
Pages 7-24
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From page 7... ...
The information in this review of aviation accident data with associated fires is broken into three parts. First, there is an examination of the commercial jet transport accidents from 1959 through 1993.
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From page 8... ...
Paradigm shift Former view focused on the single probable cause of an accident · Current view: Examines the entire chain of events leading to an accident Promotes multiple intervention strategies to remove the links in the accident chain COMMERCIAL JET TRANSPORT ACCIDENT STATISTICS Background for Accident Data-CoHection Processes Boeing has collected accident data since 1959 for commercial jet operations with certified jet aircraft greater than 60,000 Ib maximum gross weight. This data-collection effort has included not only Boeing airplane models but also data for a variety of competitor airplanes.
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From page 9... ...
However, accident data for airplane models from the counties of the former Soviet Union are excluded due to the lack of a complete accident record as well as a different and not well understood airplane certification process as compared with Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) , Civil Aviation Authority, or loins Aviation Authority certification processes.
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From page 10... ...
Aviation Accident Data for HuN Losses and Fatalities Hull-Loss Data The aviation accident record, as measured by the number of hull losses each year, suggests that the aviation industry possesses an enviable safely record compared with other transportation modes. Overall, the worldwide commercial jet fleet has a hull-Ioss accident rate of approximately two accidents per million departures.
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From page 11... ...
From the hullL-Ioss accidents chart (Figure 3) , it appears that the commercial airplane transportation industry has significantly reduced the accident rate from its initially high level to a relatively low rate.
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From page 12... ...
From Figure 6, it appears that most of the newer-generation commercial jet transports are contributing favorably to the lower hull-loss accident rate. However, the overall accident rate is still I.9 hull-loss accidents per million departures.
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J _ _ 85 / T 83 7:T 7: ! 7g 81 o 76 78 80 82 84 8 7 8 3 91 93 86 88 90 92 YEAR 13 FIGURE 5 Five-year moving average of hull-loss accident rates (excludes sabotage, military action, and former Soviet Union airplane models)
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From page 14... ...
~ Initial climb 1 0.5° Cruise 4.5°/O Climb Cruise Descent Initial Final | Landing 7.0% 4.5% 7.2% approach approach 18.4% 11 .5% 24.6%1 / Flaps retracted n \ ~ /, = . _ ~ \~ Nav Outer fix marker 1% 1 1% 1 13% 1 60% 1 10% 1 11% 1 3%1 1% Exposure, percentage of flight time FIGURE 8 Hull-loss accident rates for specific phases of flight (excludes sabotage and military action)
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From page 15... ...
30 20 Annual rates, accidents per million departures 10 o T:~ 'at 'at Non-U.S operators L .
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The aviation industry must continue to find ways of interrupting the accident chain to PREVENT ACCIDENTS. COMMERCIAL JET TRANSPORT DRE STATISTICS Recall that Figure 3 shows the worldwide hull-Ioss accident rate.
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From page 17... ...
* Onboard fatalities only _ _ 1 , ~ T 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 Year 83 85 87 89 91 93 FIGURE 10 Fatal accidents, annual rates, and annual fatalities (excludes sabotage and military actions)
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From page 18... ...
- . .~._ ~ · Fire Initiated Hull Loss Accident Rate per million departures · Non-Fire Initiated Hull Loss with Fire R ~, - , i# ~ .
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Q i~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a' '~ ~ ~ ~' ~ ~ 0 8; ~ ~ ~ 8: ~ ~ ~ ~ on on ~ on on on ~ on ~ ~ on __________ __________________ Year SELECTED lilRE SCENARIOS Although the statistics provide very detailed information regarding fire events, some sample scenarios also reveal the diverse nature of the fire event. Therefore, summaries of four different hull-Ioss accidents where fire occurred are provided.
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From page 21... ...
First, the air traffic control center needed greater understanding of the preferred airplane descent profiles. Although airplanes can lose altitude very quickly, accelerated descents not only affect safety but also affect airplane engine life.
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From page 22... ...
Second, for any event where fire is suspected, flight and cabin crews must communicate immediately, and the flight crews will seek the nearest airport. · Accident profile · June 2, 1983 · DC-9 · Cincinnati International Airport · Chain of events Strong odor in cabin Fatalities: 23 · 41 passengers ~ 5 crew Electrical Master Flightcrew system warning informed abnormalities light 1 1 11 .
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From page 23... ...
This action prompts airplane occupants to leave the airplane faster, promotes fuel runoff away from the airplane when fuel spills occur, and favors the wind direction. · Accident profiles · March 22, 1984 · 737-200 · Calgary, Alberta · Fatalities: None · ~ 14 passengers · 5 crew · Chain of events Calgary~ Takeoff Loud initiated bang Manchester · August 22, 1985 · 737-200 · Manchester International Airport · Fatalities: 55 · 131 passengers · 6 crew Left engine parameters Tower confirms Emergency evacuation fire, 62 sec initiated, 1 min 55 sec Flight attendant identifies fire, 45 sec Left engine fire warning Taxi Passengers continues escape Airplane Emergency taxis evacuation Takeoff Thud initiated Tower confirms Airplane parked Multiple fire in crosswind fatalities FIGURE 19 Lessons learned, 737 Calgary and Manchester events.
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