Improved Fire- and Smoke-Resistant Materials for Commercial Aircraft Interiors A Proceedings (1995) / Chapter Skim
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Chapter 7. Fire-Screening Results of Polymers and Composites
Chapter 7. Fire-Screening Results of Polymers and Composites
Pages 93-114
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From page 93... ...
This military standard contains test methods and requirements for flammability characteristics such as flamespread index (ASTM E-162~; specific optical density of smoke (ASTM E-662; combustion gas generation, heat release, and ignitability as measured by cone calorimeter (ASTM E-13541; oxygen-temperature index; and long-term outgassing. Over the past 5-7 years, the Carderock Division of the Naval Surface Warfare Center (CDNSWC)
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From page 94... ...
, Fire and Toxicity Test Methods and Qualification Procedure for Composite Material Systems Used in Hull, Machinery, and Structural Applications Inside Naval Submarines (DOD, 19911. Fire testing specified in this standard is intended to support hazard analyses of the composites for proposed application.
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From page 95... ...
. This paper summarizes small-scale fire performance characteristics of selected state-of-the-art and conventional composite materials and assesses the suitability of these materials for use inside naval submarines.
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From page 96... ...
All composite systems have a thickness of approximately 0.175-0.250 inches unless mentioned otherwise. FIRE PERFORMANCE OF COMPOSITE LAMINATES The fire performance of composite materials are those characteristics that describe the response of polymeric materials when exposed to fire (Hilado, 1982~.
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From page 97... ...
Glass/vinyl ester, fire retardant, brominated Glass/vinyl ester, non-fire-retardant Glass/epoxy, S2/3501~, (0/90~`, Glass/epaxy, 105/206, RT cure, post-cured Glass/epoxy, 125/226, RT cure, post~ured Glass/epoxy, E-Glass/F155 Glass/epoxy, S2/F155 Glass/epoxy, 7701/7781 Sonar bow dome, MXB7780/3783 RTM, 9405/9470 SL-851-H4, SMC, 50% glass T-300/5208, (0/90) s, 350 °F AS4/LC1, anhydnde-cured Graphite/epoxy, AS4/3501~ P55/ERLX, toughened epoxy Glass/cyanate ester T300/5245C, modified bismaleimide T2E225/F650 T6T145/F650, (0/90)
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From page 98... ...
Combustion gas generation is defined as the gases evolved from materials during the process of combustion. The most common of gases evolved during combustion are carbon monoxide (CO)
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From page 99... ...
Table 4 presents smoke density and the relative concentrations of combustion gas generation (Draeger colonmeiric tubed in flaming mode during smoke obscuration test (ASTM E-662) for several composite materials.
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100 TABLE 4 Smoke and Combustion Gas Generation (ASTM E-662) Improved Fire- a~ Smoke-Resistant Mater~als Composite D. D ,,,,,, CO (300 s)
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From page 101... ...
117 39 34 101 provide a relative fire-hazard assessment for materials in that mater~als with low heat release per unit weight or volume will do less damage to the surroundings than the material with high release rate. The rate of heat release, especially the peak amount, is the primary characteristic determining the size, growth, and suppression requirements of a fire environment (Brown et al., 1988~.
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From page 102... ...
Thermoplastics, in general, exhibited lower heat release rates. TABLE 6 Heat Release and Ignitability of Composite Materials Average Heat Weight Peak Heat Release, Total Heat Extinction Irradiance Loss Ignitability Release 300 s Release Area Material System (kW/m2)
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103 Average Heat Weight Peak Heat Release, Total Heat Extinction Irradiance Loss Ignitability Release 300 s Release Area Material System (kW/m23 (%)
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104 TABLE 6 (continued) Improved Fire- arm Smok;e-Resistar~t Materials Average Heat Weight Peak Heat Release, Total Heat Extinction Irradiance Loss Ignitability Release 300 s Release Area Matenal System (kW/m23 (%)
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105 Average Heat Weight Peak Heat Release, Total Heat Ext~nction Irradiance Loss Ign~tability Release 300 s Release Area Matenal System ~W/m23 (%)
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Smoke-Resistant Mater~als Average Heat Weight Peak Heat Release, Total Heat Extinction Irradiance Loss Ignitability Release 300 s Release Area Material System (kW/m)
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From page 107... ...
107 Average Heat Weight Peak Heat Release, Total Heat Extinction Irradiance Loss Ignitability Release 300 s Release Area Material System (kW/m2)
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From page 108... ...
_ ~ ~ ~ O ~. DISCUSSION Fire performance characteristics of composites are dependent on the chemical nature and amount of the resin matrix used; the type, amount, and orientation of the fiber; additives or modifiers present in the system; and the processing or fabrication techniques employed.
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. ~ 25 50 75 Flux, kW/m2 100 FIGURE 2 Pealc heat release versus flux for selected composite materials.
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From page 110... ...
for selected composites. TABLE 7 Oxygen Index for Selected Composites Composite Oxygen Index Glass/VE (1031)
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The thermoses materials, in general, burn for a shorter period of time and produce much higher heat release rates. If the heat released per unit time during a fire is low, the ability of the fire to spread is limited.
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From page 112... ...
, and nitrogen-containing materials will produce HCN. The nature of the combustion mechanism during fire exposure may also have a significant impact on the toxicity of combustion gas generation; this is the case with phenolic composites, which tend to char and smolder, giving off higher amounts of carbon monoxide due to incomplete combustion.
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From page 113... ...
As noted earlier, since thermoplastics soften during heating, measurements of flexural strength retained after fire testing may not give true or accurate flexural properties during fire. The potential for increased use of organic matrix composite structures will not be realized until the measurement, analytical prediction, and validation techniques for structural integrity during and after fire exposure have been established.
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From page 114... ...
1991. Fire and Toxicity Test Methods and Qualification Procedure for Composite Material Systems Used in Hull, Machinery, and Structural Applications Inside Naval Submarines.
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